1 Pentagon Fuel Use, Climate Change, and the Costs of War Neta C

Pentagon!Fuel!Use,!Climate!Change,!and!the!Costs!of!War!

Neta!C.!Crawford

Boston!University!

Updated'and'Revi sed, '13'November'2019

Summary!

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I.!US!Military!Energy!Consumption!and!Fuel!

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Figure'1.'DOD'and'Total'US'Federal'Government'Energy'Consumption,'FY1975-2018,'

in'Trillions'of'British'Thermal'U nits

"#-"a1'&&'6-/"6$"\1'*'/,"a,+1()&"<-'*/F"=621%+"6$"9)*)g"<="Y-+1.7"#-$61() *'6-"G9('-'/*1)*'6-F"

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200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Trillions of British Thermal Units (BTUs)

U.S. Department of Defense Consumption U.S. Government Total Consumption

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Figure'2.'Categories'of'Energy'Consumed'by'the'US'Government'and'DOD

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Figure'6.'DOD'Vehicle'Fuel'Consumption,'FY1975–2018,'in'Millions'o f'Gallons

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!KNUp!KGX=p!KP)*)F39$>C+1n!KNO]K!]KU]K!!JV!]OVVF""

S,'*+()-"G'1"L61%+"\)/+"'-"^'//621'"('.,*":+"1+$2+&+9"()-7"*'(+/F"L6 1"+8)(3& +4"6-"NU"

c)-2)17"!KNJ4"*;6"\]! "\":6(:+1/4")%%6(3)-'+9":7"Nd"iE]NVd")-9"iE]NK")+1')&"1+$2+&'-."

*)-@+1/4"()9+")"VK",621"162-9"*1'3"('//'6-"$16("S,'*+()-"G'1"L61%+"\)/+"*6"`':7)"*6"9163"

:6(:/"6-"#=#="*)1.+*/"'-"`':7)F

L61"32136/+/ "6$"'&&2/*1)*'6-4"a):&+"N4":+&6;4"/,6;/"*,+"%)3)%'*'+/")-9"1+&)*'C+"$2+&"

+$$'%'+-%7"6$"/+C+1)&"G'1"L61%+")'1%1)$*")-9"+('//'6-/";'*,62*")+1')&"1+$2+&'-.F""[6*+"*,)*"*,+"

$2+&"+%6-6(7"6$"*,+/+")'1%1)$*"'/"(+)/21+9"not"'-"('& +/"3+1".)&&6-4":2*".)&&6-/"3+1"('&+F

"""

Table'1.'Examples'of'US'Military'Aircraft'Jet'Fuel'Consump tion'and'CO2'Emissions

Aircraft"

Mission"

Internal"Fuel"

Capacit y"in"

pounds"and"

gallons

Range"in"

nautical"miles"

on"inter nal"fuel"

Fuel"

consumption,"

gallons"per"

nautical"mile"

^+*1'%"a6-/"6$"

E?!+"Y('//'6-/4"

;'*,62*")+1')&"

1+$2+&'-.F

\]!""

\6(:+1"

NfJ4KKK"&:/e"

!d4fO!".)&"

f4KKK"

ZF!U"

.)&&6-/e('&+"

!dNFZ"^+*1'%"a6-/"

L]VdG"

QEa?`R"

L'.,*+1"

:6(:+1"

NU4ZOO"&:/e"

!4UZf".)&"

N4NOO"

!FVJ"

.)&&6-/e('&+"

!JFU"^+*1'%"a6-/"

G]NK"

E&6/+"G'1"

=23361*"

NN4KKK"&:/e"

N4fO!".)&"

dKK"

VFVU"

.)&&6-/e('&+"

NJFd"^+*1'%"a6-/"

iE]NVdD"

D+$2+&'-."

a)-@+1"

dK4KKK"&:/e"

J4fO!".)&"

N4dKK"Q&6)9+9"

;'*,"NdK4KKK"

&:/"6$"*1)-/$+1"

$2+&R"

ZFO".)&&6-/e('&+"

JdFV"^+*1'%"a6-/"

iE]ZfG

D+$2+&'-."

a)-@+1")-9"

E)1.6"

Estimated"

16,000"gal"

f4VUd"Q&6)9+9"

;'*,"!NK4KKK"

&:/"6$"*1)-/$+1"

$2+&R"

Estimated"2.9"

gallons/mile"

NdfFd"^+*1'%"a6-/"

a,+"X+-*).6-"96+/"-6*"32:&'%&7")-9"1+.2&)1&7"1+361*"'*/"$2+&"%6-/2(3*'6-"61"

.1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/")-9"*,+1+"'/"-6"6$$'%')&"32:&'%&7")C)'&):&+"P?P"/621%+"$61")&&"

('&' *)17".1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/F

"#*"'/"36//':&+4",6;+C+14"*6"+/*'()*+"*,+"6C+1)&&"

"=++"a6("P+(+1&74"0G&&"S+"i-6;"G:62*"*,+"<F=F"\]!"\6(:+1/"VK],621"D62-9"a1'3"^'//'6-"*6"X62-9 "P)+/,"

'-"`':7)45"The"Aviationist,"!O"c)-2)17"!KNJF",**3/gee*,+)C')*'6-'/*F%6(e!KNJeKNe!Ke)&&];+]@-6;]):62*]*,+]

2]/]:]!]:6(:+1/]VK],621]162-9]*1'3]('//'6-]*6]362-9]9)+/,]'-]&':7)eF""

"L2+&"2/+"9+3+-9/"6-"*,+"$&'.,*"316$'&+"6$"*,+")'1%1)$*")-9"6*,+1"$)%*61/4"/2%,")/"&6)9F"\7"%6-*1)/*";'*,"

('&'*)17") '1%1)$*4")"%6((+1%')&"\6+'-."JZJ".+*/"):62*"d".)&&6-/"3+1"('&+4")-9"%)-"%)117"6C+1"dKK"3)//+-.+ 1/F"

"E)&%2&)*+9":7"*,+")2*,61"$16("9) *)"):62*"+)%,")'1%1)$*F"L61"'-/*) -%+4"*,+"\]!"%)11'+/"NfJ4KKK"362-9/"6$"B+*"

$2+&"Q)&(6/*"!d4KKK".) &&6-/R"*6"*1) C+&"f4KKK"-) 2*'%)&"('&+/"Q%F"fFOKK"('&+/R")-9"'/"%)3):&+ "6$"('9])'1"1+$2+&'-.4"

*)@'-."6-")-")99'*'6-)&"OO4KKK"362-9 /"6 $"$2+&")*"+)%,"1+$2+&'-.F"a,+"L]VdG4";'*,")"%6(:)*"1)9'2/"+/* '()*+9"*6"

:+"):62*"dUZ"-)2*'%)&"('&+/",)/" )-"'-*+1-)&"$2+&"%)3)%'*7"6$"!4JfN".)&&6-/F"a,+"G]NK",)/")-"'-*+1-)&"$2+&"

%)3)%'*7"6$"N4fZ!".)&&6-/"6$"B+*"$2+&",)/")"%6(:)*"1)9'2/"6$"):62*"!dK"-)2*'%)&"('&+/F"

"G//2('-."+)%,"362-9"6$"B+*"$2+&";+'.,/")-")C+1).+"6$"fFd"362-9/F"

"=++"G33+-9'8"NF"[6*"'-%&29'-.";)1('-."+$$+%*/"6$";)*+1"C)361F"

"a,+"iE]ZfG"%)-"1+$2+&"'*/ +&$F"\6+'-.",)/"-6*"1+&+)/+9"9)* )"6-"'*/"'-*+1-)&"$2+&"%)3)%'*7F"a,+"+/*'()*+",+1+"

$61"$2+&"%)3)%'*7")-9"%6-/2(3*'6-"'/":)/+9"6-"*,+"\6+'-."JfJ]ZKKYD"1)-.+")-9"$2+&"%)3)%'*7F"

"=6(+",)C+"*1'+9"*6"+/*'()*+"*,+".1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/"6$"*,+"X+-*).6-"'-";)1F"=++4"$61"'-/*)-%+4"['@@'"

D+'/%,")-9"=*+C+"i1+*H()-4"0G"E&'()* +"6$"S)1g"a,+"S)1"'-"#1)A")-9"W&6:)&"S)1 ('-.45"Oil"Change"

International"Q^)1%,"!KKUR4""

.1++-,62/+".)/"6$"*,+"<="('&'*)17"2/'-."32:&'%&7")C)'&):&+"+('//'6-/"9)*)"$16("*,+"

P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"$61"1+%+-*"7+)1/4"LM!KKU")-9"LM!KNKl!KNU4")-9"$2+&"%6-/2(3*'6-"

9)*)"$61"*,+"3+1'69"6$"NOJd"*6"!KNUF"a,'/"9)*)")&&6;/")-"+/*'()*+"6$",6;"(2%,"6$"*,+/+"

+('//'6-/"()7":+")**1':2*):&+"*6";)1F"

S,'&+"*,+"X+-*).6-"%)*+.61'H+/"'*/"+-+1.7"2/+"'-*6"'-/*)&&)*'6-/")-9"63+1)*'6-/4"*,+"

P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"2/+/"9'$$+1+-*"%)*+.61'+/4"9'C'9'-.".6C+1-(+-*"9+3)1*(+-*/"E?!"

+A2'C)&+-*"+('//'6-/"'-*6"*,1++"%)*+.61'+/h/*)-9)19"63+1)*'6-/4"-6-]/*)-9)19"63+1)*'6-/4"

)-9":'6.+-'%"+('//'6-/F

"\+%)2/+"*,+"3)3+1"$6%2/+/"6-".1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/"1+/2&*'-."

$16("$6//'&"$2+&"2/+4":'6.+-'%"+('//'6-/")1+"-6*"'-%&29+9"'-"*,+"+/*'()*+/j":'6.+-'%"

+('//'6-/")1+"(2%,"/()&&+1"*,)-"/*)-9)19")-9"-6-]/*)-9)19"+('//'6-/F"

\7"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"9+$'-'*'6-4"-6-]/*)-9)19"63+1)*'6-/")1+"0C+,'%&+/4"C+//+&/4"

)'1%1)$*")-9"6*,+1"+A2'3(+-*"2/+9":7"L+9+1)&"W6C+1-(+-*").+-%'+/"'-"%6(:)*"/23361*4"

%6(:)*"/+1C'%+"/23361*4"*)%*'%)&"61"1+&'+$"63+1)*'6-/4"*1)'-'-."$61"/2%,"63+1)*'6-/4"&);"

+-$61%+(+-*4"+(+1.+-%7"1+/36-/+4"61"/3)%+$&'.,*"Q'-%&29'-.")//6%')*+9".162-9]/23361*"

+A2'3(+-*RF"[6-]=*)-9)19"63+1)*'6-/")&/6"'-%&29+"*,+".+-+1)*'6-"6$"+&+%*1'%"36;+1"

31692%+9")-9"/6&9"%6((+1%')&&7"*6"6*,+1"3)1*'+/F5

"=*)-9)19"63+1)*'6-/")33+)1"*6":+"

+C+17*,'-."+&/+"*,)*")"9+3)1*(+-*"96+/"*6")%%6(3&'/,"'*/"$2-%*'6-/4"16&+/")-9"('//'6-/F"a,+"

P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"1+361*/"*,)*"*,+"<="P?P",)/"31692%+9")"*6*)&"Q/*)-9)19")-9"-6-]

/*)-9)19R"6$"dOV"('&&'6-"(+*1'%"*6-/"6$"E?!"+A2'C)&+-*"$16("!KNK"*6"!KNU4")-")C+1).+"6$"

):62*"ff"('&&'6-"(+*1'%"*6-/"3+1"7+)1"'-"*,'/"3+1'694"162.,&7"*,+"/)(+".1++-,62/+".)/"

+('//'6-/"6$"NZ"('&&'6-"3)//+-.+1"%)1/"91'C+-"$6 1"6-+"7+)1F

"a,'/"'/")&/6"162.,&7"+A2'C)&+-*"

*6"*, +"Nd"3+1%+-*"6$"*6*)&"W_W"+('//'6-/"6$"*,+"1+/'9+-*')&"/ +%*61"6$"*,+"<-'*+9"=*)*+/F

P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"9)*)";+1+"2/+9"*6"+/*'()*+"*,+"*6*)&".1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/"

$61"/*)-9)19")-9"-6-]/*)-9)19"63+1)*'6-/"6$"*,+"P?P"$16("L M!KKNl!KNU"*6":+")"*6*)&"6$"

N4!fJ"('&&'6-"(+*1'%"*6-/"6$"E?!"+A2'C)&+-*F"#-")-7"6-+"7+)14"*,+"X+-*).6-T/"+('/ /'6-/")1+"

.1+)*+1"*,)-"()-7"/()&&+1"%62-*1'+/"*6*)&".1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/F"L61"+8)(3&+4"'-"!KNU4"

<="P?P".1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/";+1+"df"('&&'6-"(+*1'%"*6-/"Q-6*"'-%&29'-.":'6.+-'%"

+('//'6-/R"6$"E?!+4")"1+92%*'6-"6$"V"('&&'6-"(+*1'%"*6-/"6C+1"*,+"31+C'62/"7+)1F"a,2/4"'-"

,**3gee31'%+6$6'&F61.e%6-*+-*e23&6)9/e!KKUeKVeGp!KE&'()*+p!K6$p!KS)1p!KL#[G`p!KQ^)1%,p!KNJ

p!K!KKURF39$F""

"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"L+9+1)&"Y-+1. 7"^)-).+(+-*"X16.1)(F"Y-+1.7"#-$61()*'6-"G.+-%74"E6(31+,+-/'C+"

G--2)&"Y-+1.7"P)*)")-9"=2/*)'-):'&'*7"X+1$61()-%+4"

,**3gee%*/+9;;+:F++F96+F.6CeG--2 )&eD+361*eE6(31+,+-/'C+W1++-,62/+W)/W_W#-C+-*61'+/\7G.+-%7G-9L

'/%)&M+)1F)/38F"a,+/+"%)*+.61'+/"96"-6*"%611+/36-9"*6"*,+"YXG"W1++-,62/+"W)/"#-C+-*617"D+361*/4"-61"*6"*,+"

P?P"%)*+.61'+/F"

"\+/'9+/"*,+"P?P4"6-&7"*,+"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"_6(+ &)-9"=+%21'*7"3+ 1$61(/")"/'.-'$'%)-*")(62-*"6$"0-6-]

/*)-9)19"63+1)*'6-/F5"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.74""

,**3/gee%*/+9; ;+:F++F96+F.6CeG--2)&eD+361*eE6(31+,+-/'C+W1++-,62/+W)/W_W#-C+-*61'+/\7G.+-%7G-9

L'/%)&M+)1F)/38F"""

"a,+1+";+1+"):62*"NNK"('&&'6-")2*6(6:'&+/"'-"*,+"<="'-"!KNJF"a,+"YXG4";,'%,"+/*'()*+/"*,)*"+)%,"3)//+-.+1"

C+,'%&+"31692%+/"):62*"ZFJN"(+*1'%"*6-/"3+ 1"7+)1"E?!+F"",**3 /gee;;;F+3)F.6Ce+-+1.7e.1++-,62/+].)/+/]

+A2'C)&+-%'+/]%)&%2&)*61]%)&%2&)*'6-/])-9]1+$+1+-%+/xC+,'%&+/F"=621%+"$61"-2(:+1"6$"C+,'%&+/"'/"*,+"L+9+1)&"

_'.,;)7"G9('-'/*1)*'6-F",**3/gee ;;;F$,;)F96*F.6Ce36&'%7'-$61()*'6-e/*)*'/* '%/e!KNJe(CNF%$(F

"=621% + g"YXG4 ",**3/gee%$32:F+3)F.6Ce.,.9)*)e'-C+-*617+83&61+1ex)&&/+%*61/e)&&.)/e+%6-/+%*e%211+-*F

LM!KNJ4"X+- *).6-"+('//'6-/";+1+".1+)*+1"*,)-"L'-&)-94";,'%,"+('**+9"ZfFU"('&&'6-"(+*1'%"

*6-/4"=;+9+-4";,'%,"+('**+9"dKFU"('&&'6-"(+*1'%"*6-/4")-9"P+-()1@4";,'%,"+('**+9"VVFd"

('&&'6-"(+*1'%"*6-/"6$"E?!+F""#-"LM!KNU4"<="P?P"+('// '6-/";+1+"df"('&&'6-"(+*1'%"*6-/"6$"

E?!+A2'C)&+-*4".1+)*+1"*,)-"*,+"+-*'1+"+('//'6-/"6$"(6/*"%62-*1'+/"'-"*,+";61&9F

Figure'7.'Estimate'of'DOD'Greenhouse'Gas'Emissions,'Millions'o f'Metric'Tons'CO2e'

from'Total'and'Non-S tandard'DOD'operations,'FY2000–2018

" "

_6;"(2%,"6$"*,+"*6*)&"W_W"+('//'6-/"/,62&9":+")**1':2*+9"*6"<="36/*]OeNN";)1/>"G/"

9'/%2//+9"'-"G33+-9'8"N4"*,+1+")1+"C)1'62/";)7/"*6"+/*'()*+"X+-*).6-".1++-,62/+".)/"

+('//'6-/F"a,+"+/*'()*+".'C+-",+1+"6$".1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/"'-"*,+"()B61";)1/"'/":)/+9"

6-"*, +"316361*'6-"6$"$2+&"2/+":7"E+-*1)&"E6(()-94";,'%,"'/"*,+"%6(()-9"1+/36-/':&+"$61"

63+1)*'6-/"'-"G$.,)-'/* )-")-9"#1)A")-9"=71')F"#-"LM!KNZ"Q/++"$'.21+"ZR"*,'/";)/"):62*"!Z"

3+1%+-*"6$"*,+"*6*)&"-6-]/*)-9)19"63+1)*'6-)&"$2+&"%6-/2(3*'6-":7"*,+"P?PF"\2*":+%)2/+"<="

%62-*+1*+1161"63+1)*'6-/")1+"2-9+1;)7")&&"6C+1"*,+";61&9"Q'-"):62*"UKlOK "%62-*1'+/R"*,+"

E+-*1)&"E6(()-9"'/"-6*"*,+"6-& 7";)1"H6-+"'-"*,+".&6:)&";)1"6-"*+1161F""a,+"361*'6-"6$")&&"

.1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/"1+&)*+9"*6"E+-*1)&"E6(()-9"'-%&29'-."6C+1/+)/"%6-*'-.+-%7"

63+1)*'6-/4")-9"*,+"W&6:)&"S)1"6-"a+11614"'/"+/*'()*+9"*6":+"):62*"Vd"3+1%+-*"6$"*6*)&"

.1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/"$61"-6 -]/*)-9)19")-9"/*)-9)19"63+1)*'6-/F"""

"^F"^2-*+)-4"PF"W2'HH )19'4"+*")&4"Fossil"CO2"Emissions"of"All"World"Countries:"2018"Report"Qc6'-*"D+/+)1%,"

E+-*1+4"Y2163+)-"E6(('//'6-4"!KNUR4",**3/gee+%F+2163)F+2eB1%e+-e32:&'%)*'6-e+21]/%'+-*'$'%])-9]*+%,-'%)&]

1+/+)1%,]1+361*/e$6//'&]%6!]+('//'6-/])&&];61&9]%62-*1'+/]!KNU]1+361*F "

"\)/+ 9"6-"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"9)*)F"^+*,69/")1+"9+*)'&+ 9"'-"G33+-9'8"NF""

,**3/gee%*/+9; ;+:F++F96+F.6CeG--2)&eD+361*eE6(31+,+-/'C+W1++-,62/+W)/W_W#-C+-*61'+/\7G.+-%7G-9

L'/%)&M+)1F)/38F""

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Millions of Metric Tons CO2e

Standard Emissions Non-Standard Emissions Total CO2e Emissions

Table'2.'Estimated'DOD'and'War'Re lated'Oversea s 'Contingency'O peration'

Greenho use'Gas'Emissions,'Millions'of'Metric'Tons'CO2e,'FY2001–2018

a6*)&"P?P"E?!+"

Y('//'6-/"

'-"^'&&'6-/"6 $"^+*1'%"a6-/"

?E?]1+&)*+9"E?!+"

Y('//'6-/"

'-"^'&&'6-/"6 $"^+*1'%"a6-/"

=*)-9)19"

"""""""""""""Zff""

""""""""NfV"

[6-] /*)-9)19"Q9'1+%*&7"

/23361*"%6(:)*R"

"""""""""""""UKN""

""""""""!UK"

a6*)&"LM!KKN]!KNU"

""""""""""N4!fJ""

""""""""ZZV""

L'.21+"U4":+&6;4"'&&2/*1 )*+/"*1+-9/"'-"P?P".1++-,62/+"+('//'6-/"$16("LMNOJd"*6"

LM!KNUF"=+C+1)&"*1+-9/")1+";61*,"-6*'-.F"L'1/*4"+/*'()*+9"X+-*).6-"+('//'6-/")1+"

%611+&)*+9";'*,",6*";)1")-9"%6&9";)1F"S,+-"*,+"<="'/")*";)1"61 "+-.).+9"'-"+8+1%'/+/")-9"

;)1".)(+/"'-"31+3)1)*'6-"$61";)14"+('//'6-/")1+",'.,+1"*,)-";,+-"*,+"<="'/"1+&)*'C+&7"&+//"

(6:'&'H+9F"P21'-. "*,+"D+).)-"('&'*)17":2'&9]23"6$"*,+"NOUK/ "$2+&"2/+4")-9"*,+1+$61+"

.1++-,62/+".)/"+('//'6-/4"16/+F"L6&&6;'-."*,+"+-9"6$"*,+"E6&9"S)14")3)1*"$16(")"/3'@+"'-"

+('//'6-/"921'-."*,+"NOON"W2&$"S)14"-6*"6-&7";)/"*,+1+")"1+92%*'6 -"'-"('&'*)17"/3+-9'-.4"

*,+1+";)/")"/'.-'$'%)-*"1+92%*'6-"'-"W_W"+('//'6-/"*,162., "*,+"NOOK/F"L6&&6;'-."*,+"OeNN"

)**)%@/")-9"*,+"/*)1*"6$"*,+";)1/"'-"G$.,)-'/*)-")-9"#1)A4"<="+('//'6-/"16/+"91)()*'%)&&7F"

L2+&"2/+")-9"+('//'6-/"%611+&)*+";'*,"*,+"3,)/+/"6$"63 +1)*'6-/"'-":6*,";)1"H6-+/4"*1)%@'-."

*1663"/21.+/")-9";'*,91);)&/"921'-."*,+"36/*]OeNN";)1/F"

Figure'8.''Estimated 'Total'DOD'Greenhouse'Gas'Emissions,'CO2e,'FY1975–2018

"D62-9 +9"*6"*,+"-+)1+/*"^'&&'6-"^+*1'%"a6 -F"\)/+9"6-"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"9)*)F"

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+/*'()*+"2/+/"*,+"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"$'.21+/F"a,+"6*,+1"7+)1/")1+"+/*'()*+/"%)&%2&)*+9"$16("P+3)1*(+-*"6$"

Y-+1.7"$2+&"%6-/2(3*'6-"9)*)F""0E6(31+,+-/'C+"G--2)&"Y-+1.7"P)*)")-9"=2/*)'-):'&'*7"X+1$61()-%+45"G--2)&"

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+8+1%'/+/4")-9"(61+"+$$'%'+-*"C+,'%&+/")-9"63+1)*'6-/F"""a,+/+")1+"9'/%2//+9"'-"*21-F"

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;)C+/"6$"\)/+"D+)&'.-(+-*")-9"E&6/21+"Q\DGER"$16("NOUU"*,162.,"!KKdF""L'.21+"O"/,6;/"

*,+"*1+-9"'-"P?P"$)%'&'*' +/"+-+1.7"2/+"$16("LMNOJd"*6"LM!KNUF"Y-+1.7"%6-/2(3*'6-")*"

('&' *)17"$)%'&'*'+/"9+%&'-+9"(61+"*,)-"dK"3+1%+-*"921'-."*,'/"3+1'694";'*,"*,+":'..+/*"

9+%&'-+/"'-"*,+"NOOK/F"#-"NOUO"*,+1+";+1+"):62*"N4fKK"<="('&'*)17":)/+/")&& "6C+1"*,+";61&94"

'-%&29'-.")"&)1.+"%6-C+-*'6-)& ")-9"-2%&+)1"<="('&'*)17"31+/+-%+"'-"Y21 63+F"a69 )74"*,+1+")1+"

):62*"UKK"<="('&'*)17":)/+/")-9"'-/*)&&)*'6-/"'-"*,+";61&9F

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6*,+1"/*12%*21+/h$16("6C+1"fKK4KKK"'-9'C'92)&":2'&9'-./")-9"/*12%*21+/"&6%)*+9"6-"(61+"

*,)-"VK"('&&'6-")%1+/"6$"&)-9":+$61+"*,+"\DGE"'-"LM!KKV"*6"):62*"dUd4UKK":2'&9'-./")-9"

/*12%*21+/"6-"!fFO"('&&'6- ")%1+/"'-"LM!KNUF

Figure'9.'Total'DOD'Facility'Energy'Use,'Billion'BTU,'FY1975–2018,'All'FuelsF

"b'-+4"q`'/*/"6$"<F=F"^'&'*)17"\)/+/"G:16)94"NJJf]!KNO4q"G(+1'% )-"<-'C+1/'*7"P'.'*)&"D+/+)1%,"G1%,'C+4"!KNO4"

,**3/gee96'F61.eNKFNJfKfeC$7:]-%KJF"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"P+$+-/+4"0P6P"\)/+"D+)&'.-(+-*")-9"E&6/21+4"\DGE"

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"=621% + /g"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"P+$+-/+"\)/+"=*12%*21+"D+ 361*/"$61"LM!KKV")-9"LM!KNUF"=++4"1+/3+%*'C+&7g"$ 61"

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,**3/gee;;;F)%AF6/9F('&e+'+eP6;-&6)9/e\=#e\)/+p!K =*12%*21+p!KD+361*p! KLMNUF39$F"

"=621% + g"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.74"G&&"P?P"$) %'&'*'+/"%6(:'-+94"

,**3/gee%*/+9; ;+:F++F96+F.6CeG--2)&eD+361*e_'/*61'%)&L+9+1)&Y-+1.7E6-/2(3*'6-P)*)\7G.+-%7G-9Y-+1

.7a73+LMNOJda6X1+/+-*F)/38F"

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Billions of BTUs

L21*,+14"6C+1"*,+"&6-."*+1(4"*,+"mix"6$"$2+&"2/+/")*"('&'*)17"$)%'&'*'+/4":)/+/")-9"6*,+1"

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Figure'10.'DOD'Facilities'Energy'Use,'FY1975'in'Billio ns'of'BTUs

\7"LM"!KNU4")/"L'.21+"NN"'&&2/*1)*+/4"<="('&'*)17"$)%'&'*'+/";+1+4"6C+1)&&4"%6-/2('-."

(2%,"&+//"+-+1.74")"*6*)&"6 $"!K!4!UV"\'&&'6-"\a</4")"1+92%*'6-"6$"(61+"*,)-"dK"3 +1%+-*F"""

Figure'11.'DOD'Facilities'Energy'Use,'FY2018'in'Billio ns'of'BTUs

"=621%+g"P+3 )1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"9)*)F"""

"=621% + g"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"9)*)F"

Electricity, 87,145

Fuel Oil, 174,719

Natural Gas, 119,937

LPG/Propane, 3,564

Coal, 52,305

Purch. Steam, 1,559

Electricity,

100,603

Fuel Oil, 13,520

Natural

Gas,

70,371

LPG/Propane, 913

Coal, 6,219

Purch. Steam, 4,352

Purchased Renewable Energy, 1,477

On-Site Renewables And Adjustments, 4,899

Other Facility Energy, 479

\7"!KNU"*,+"P?P";)/"321%,)/'-.")".1+)*+1"361*'6-"6$"*,+'1"+-+1.7"-++9/")/"+&+%*1'%'*7F"

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;,'&+"-)*21)&".)/4";'*,"'*/"&6;+1"W_W"'-*+-/'*74";)/")".1+)*+1"316361*'6-"6$"+-+1.7F"E6)&"

36;+1"2/+")*"$)%'&'*'+/",)/"91)()*'%)&&7"9+%&'-+94"$16("N!"3+1%+-*"6$"\a</"'-"LMNOJd"*6"V"

3+1%+-*"'-"LM!KNUF"L'.21+"N!"'&&2/*1)*+/"*,+"*1+-9/"'-"-)*21)&".)/")-9"%6)&".1++-,62/+".)/"

+('//'6-/")*"P?P"$)%'&'*'+/F

"='('&)1&74"$2+&"?'&",)/"9+%&'-+9")/")"/,)1+"6$"\a</"$16("ZK"

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+-+1.7"/62 1%+/")*"$)%'&'*'+/";'*,"6-]/'*+"31692%*'6-"'-"!KKU4")-9"321%,)/+/"6$"1+-+;):&+"

+-+1.7"$61"P?P"$)%'&'*'+/":+.'--'-."'-"LM!KN!F""X21%,)/+9")-9"6-]/'*+"1+-+;):&+/"

%6(31'/+9"V"3+1%+-*"6$"P?P"$)%'&'*'+/"+-+1.7"2/+"'-"LM!KNUF"

Figure'12.''DOD'Facilities'CO2e'Emissions'of'N atural'Gas'and'Coal,'FY1975–2018,'i n'

Metric'Tons

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50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

2011

2014

2017

CO2e Metric Tons Coal Emissions

CO2e Metric Tons Natural Gas Emissions

Natural Gas Coal

%6-92%*+9"NKU"('&'*)17"+8+1%'/+/4"'-"!KNU4"NKV"+8+1%'/+/4")-9"[Ga?"3&)--+9"*6"%6-92%*"

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100

120

140

160

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Number of Attacks

Incidents Killed Injured

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Appendix!1.!Calculating!US!Military!Greenhouse!Gas!Emissions!

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Table'3.'DOD'Greenhouse 'Gas'Inventory,'FY2018

NNO

Greenhouse Gas Inventory:

Department of Defense

FY 2018

Scope and Category

GHG Emissions from

Standard Operations

(MT CO2e)

GHG Emissions

from Non-Standard

Operations* (Military

Operations, Law

Enforcement, and

Other)

(MT CO2e)

Total Quantity

Emitted

Biogenic

(MT CO2e)

Scope 1: On-Site Fuel Consumption at Federal Facilities

5,403,108.4

0.0

81,754.4

Scope 1: Mobile Emissions--Vehicles, Aircraft, Ships, and

Equipment

1,159,348.4

33,804,424.0

10,194.2

Scope 1: Mobile Emissions--Passenger Fleet Vehicles

420,289.1

71,354.2

33,654.2

Scope 1: Fugitive Emissions--Fugitive Fluorinated Gases

and Other Fugitive Emissions

328,777.1

658,708.8

Scope 1: Fugitive Emissions--On-site Wastewater

Treatment

5,636.9

1,274.0

Scope 1: Fugitive Emissions--On-site Landfills and

Municipal Solid Waste Facilities

155,535.8

41,231.3

Scope 1: Manufacturing and Industrial Process Emissions

0.0

Subtotal Scope 1

7,472,695.6

34,534,487.1

168,108.2

Scope 2: Purchased Electricity

13,019,180.1

0.0

Scope 2: Purchased Biomass Energy

3,965.3

331,885.2

Scope 2: Purchased Steam and Hot Water

573,203.7

0.0

Scope 2: Purchased Chilled Water

2,300.8

0.0

Scope 2: Purchased Combined Heat and Power

Electricity, Steam & Hot Water

0.0

Subtotal Scope 2

13,598,650.0

0.0

331,885.2

Scope 2: Reductions from Renewable Energy Use

-199,188.5

0.0

Subtotal Scope 1 & 2

20,872,157.1

34,534,487.1

499,993.3

*Non-Standard Operations are vehicles, vessels, aircraft and other equipment used by Federal Government agencies in

combat support, combat service support, tactical or relief operations, training for such operations, law enforcement,

emergency response, or spaceflight (including associated ground-support equipment). Non-Standard operations also includes

generation of electric power produced and sold commercially to other parties.

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The"estimate"derived"here"is"thus"based"on"the"assumption"that"the"portion"of"all"

greenhouse"gas"emissions"related"to"the"Global"War"on"Terror,"in "patrolling"the"Persian"Gulf"

and"Central"Command"Overseas"Contingency"Operations"is"about"35"percent"of"total"

greenhouse"gas"emissions"for"non-standard"and"standard"operations."

119

Department of Energy,

https://ctsedwweb.ee.doe.gov/Annual/Report/ComprehensiveGreenhouseGasGHGInventoriesByAgencyAndFiscalY

ear.aspx.

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Table'4.'Calculating'Greenhouse'Gas'Emissions'for'US'Military 'Jet'Fuel'Consum ption,'

FY2017.'

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Table'5.'Estimated'Annual'DOD'Greenhouse 'Gas'Emissions'of'the,'FY1975–2018

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Table'6.'Department'of'Defense'Site'De livered'Energy'Use'and'Costs,'FY2018

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Figure'17.'DOD'Facility'Energy'Use'FY1975'to'FY2018:'Total,'Electricity,'and'

Purchased'Steam

NVN

"=621% + g"P+3)1*(+-*"6$"Y-+1.7"9)*)F"

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Billion Site Btu

Electricity Purch. Steam Facility Subtotal

Appendix!2.!Possible!Next!Steps!for!Congressional!Action!on!the!DOD!and!Climate!

Change!

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133

National Defense Authorization Bill, FY2020, House Bill, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-

bill/2500/text.

134

The EPA lists more than 130 clean-up sites that it cleaned up in the several rounds of Base Realignment and

Closure. See EPA “Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Sites by State,” https://www.epa.gov/fedfac/base-

realignment-and-closure-brac-sites-state.