U.S. Department of Justice
Ofce of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Bulletin
April 2023, NCJ 305179
Opioid Use Disorder Screening
and Treatment in Local Jails, 2019
Laura M. Maruschak, Todd D. Minton, and Zhen Zeng, PhD, BJS Statisticians
A
t midyear 2019, fewer than two-
thirds (63%) of local jail jurisdictions
conducted opioid use disorder (OUD)
screenings at intake and more than half (54%) of
jail jurisdictions provided inmates medications
to treat opioid withdrawal (gure 1). Nearly a
quarter (24%) of jail jurisdictions continued
medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for OUD
for persons admitted with a current prescription
or for those who were getting services from a
methadone clinic prior to admission. Nearly a
h (19%) of jail jurisdictions initiated MAT.
A quarter (25%) of jail jurisdictions provided
overdose reversal medications upon release to
persons with OUD.
FIGURE 1
Percent of local jail jurisdictions that screened
or treated inmates for opioid use disorder,
midyear2019
Selected screening/
treatment practice
Percent
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Provided overdose reversal
medications upon release
Initiated MAT in custody
Continued MAT in custody
Provided medications for opioid
withdrawal in custody
Screened for OUD at intake
Note: OUD denotes opioid use disorder. MAT denotes
medication-assisted treatment. See Terms and denitions for
details on screening and treatment practices. Excludes the
combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut,
Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15
locally operated jails in Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item
response rates. See tables 2, 5, and 8 for percentages.
HIGHLIGHTS
Between June 1 and June 30, 2019, about 80% of
persons admitted to local jails in the Northeast,
68% in the West, 62% in the South, and 61%
in the Midwest were screened for opioid use
disorder (OUD).
The District of Columbia conducted OUD
screenings on all persons admitted to jail
between June 1 and June 30, 2019, and New
Jersey (99%) and West Virginia (97%) screened
nearly all admissions.
Urban jails (69%) screened a larger percentage
of admissions for OUD than rural jails (53%)
between June 1 and June 30, 2019; however,
a greater percentage of screenings in rural jails
(19%) than in urban jails (13%) were positive.
Among June 2019 admissions, 22% of OUD
screenings were positive in states with the
highest rates of opioid overdose deaths (24.0
or more per 100,000 U.S. residents ages 15-74),
compared to 6% in states with the lowest rates
(fewer than 10.0 per 100,000).
Between June 1 and June 30, 2019, 16% of
persons admitted to jails in the Northeast were
treated for opioid withdrawal, compared to 4%
of those admitted to jails in the Midwest, South,
and West.
In states with the highest rates of opioid
overdose deaths, 33% of jail jurisdictions
provided overdose reversal medications upon
release to persons with OUD, compared to 16%
in states with the lowest rates.
Findings in this report are based on the 2019
Census of Jails (COJ). e Bureau of Justice
Statistics (BJS) periodically conducts the COJ, a
complete enumeration of local jail jurisdictions
and facilities and of the Federal Bureau of
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 2
Prisons’ (BOP) 12 detention facilities that function as
jails. e COJ covers all local jails in 45 states and the
District of Columbia. It excludes the combined jail
and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware,
Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont, but includes 15
independently operated jails in Alaska. Data from the
12 BOP detention facilities that function as jails are
not presented in this report. In 2019, BJS included an
addendum to the COJ to measure local jail jurisdictions’
OUD screening and treatment practices and the
prevalence of screenings and treatment for OUD among
persons conned in jail.
1
e COJ obtained data from 2,667 of the 2,850 local jail
jurisdictions (94% response rate). Among responding
jail jurisdictions, between 107 and 115 jails did not
provide data on specic OUD screening and treatment
practices. Percentage values for local jail jurisdictions’
OUD practices presented in this report exclude jail
jurisdictions that did not respond to the 2019 COJ
or were missing data for the given practice. e rate
at which data were missing on the number of OUD
screenings, positive screenings, admitted persons treated
for opioid withdrawal, and conned persons receiving
MAT for OUD ranged from 3.5% to 9.0%. Percentage
values for these items were estimated based on
nonresponse weighting adjustments. (See Methodology.)
1
For more information, see Census of Jails, 2005–2019 – Statistical
Tables (NCJ 255406, BJS, October 2021) at https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/
les/xyckuh236/les/media/document/cj0519st.pdf and the Programs
on Opioid Testing, Screening, and Treatment section in the 2019 COJ
questionnaire at https://bjs.ojp.gov/data-collection/census-jails-
coj#surveys-0.
More than 6 in 10 local jail admissions between June
1 and June 30, 2019 were screened for OUD
Of the estimated 894,030 persons admitted to local jails
between June 1 and June 30, 2019, almost two-thirds
(64%) were screened for OUD (table 1). Among OUD
screenings conducted at intake, about 15% were positive.
Of those admitted during the same 1-month period, an
estimated 5% were treated for opioid withdrawal. Of
the estimated 734,470 persons conned in local jails at
midyear 2019, about 1% were receiving MAT for OUD.
TABLE 1
Percent of local jail inmates screened or treated for
opioid use disorder, 2019
Percent
Admissions to local jails in June 2019
a
Screened for OUD
b
64.2%
Positive screenings 14.5
Treated for opioid withdrawal
c
4.8
Conned inmates in local jails at midyear 2019
Receiving MAT
d,e
0.9%
Note: OUD denotes opioid use disorder. MAT denotes medication-
assisted treatment. See Terms and denitions for details on screening
and treatment practices. Excludes the combined jail and prison systems
in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Includes 15locally operated jails in Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item
response rates.
a
Data are based on an estimated 894,030 admissions from June 1 to June
30, 2019. Persons admitted more than once may be counted multiple
times. When June 2019 admissions were not provided, BJS calculated them
by dividing annual admissions by 365 and multiplying by 30.
b
Persons admitted more than once may account for multiple screenings.
c
Persons admitted more than once may be counted multiple times among
those treated.
d
Data are based on an estimated 734,470 conned inmates at midyear 2019.
e
Includes inmates for whom jail jurisdictions continued or initiated MAT.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 3
2019 Census of Jails: Programs on Opioid Testing, Screening, and Treatment
Public ocials have increasingly recognized jails as an
important vehicle for providing treatment for opioid use
disorder (OUD). Prior to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
elding the 2019 Census of Jails (COJ), the Commission
on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis
recommended the use of medication-assisted treatment
(MAT) with pretrial detainees and continuing treatment
upon release from incarceration.
2
A growing but unknown number of jails have implemented
pilot programs that provide MAT, educate inmates with
OUD, and link them to treatment in the community
upon release.
To better understand local jail jurisdictions’ response
to the opioid crisis, BJS added a series of questions to
the 2019 COJ to measure OUD screening and treatment
practices and the prevalence of screening and treatment
for OUD. The survey included questions on practices
related to the detection of opioid use and use disorder at
intake, treatment for opioid withdrawal and OUD while in
custody, and care upon release for persons with OUD.
2
See the commission’s 2017 recommendations at https://
trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/les/images/
Final_Report_Dra_11-15-2017.pdf. In 2021, the White House
outlined drug policy priorities that include urging the extension
of the declaration of an Opioid Public Health Emergency and
identifying public health actions that can be taken to expand
access to care. (See https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/
uploads/2021/03/BidenHarris-Statement-of-Drug-Policy-
Priorities-April-1.pdf.)
Specically, jail administrators were asked whether they
conducted or provided on- or o-facility grounds—
screenings for OUD with a questionnaire or interview
at intake
routine urinalysis tests for the detection of opioids
at intake
overdose education to those with OUD
behavioral or psychological treatment to those
with OUD
medications for treatment of opioid
withdrawal symptoms
MAT for OUD
overdose reversal medications upon release to those
with OUD
a link to MAT in the community upon release to those
with OUD.
Jail administrators were also asked to report the
number of—
persons admitted from June 1 to June 30, 2019
OUD screenings conducted among June 2019 admissions
June 2019 admissions treated for opioid use withdrawal
persons conned on the last weekday in June (June 28,
2019) receiving MAT for OUD.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 4
Terms and denitions
Admissions—All persons booked into and housed in jail
facilities by a formal legal document and the authority of
the courts or some other ocial agency, including repeat
oenders booked on new charges and persons sentenced
to weekend programs or entering the facility for the rst
time. This excludes inmates reentering the facility after
an escape, work release, medical appointment, a stay in a
treatment facility, and bail or court appearance.
Average daily population (ADP)—The total number of
inmates in jail each day for a year, divided by the number
of days in the year.
Jail—A connement facility generally operated under
the authority of a sheri, police chief, or county or city
administrator. A small number of jails are privately
operated. Regional jails include two or more jail
jurisdictions with a formal agreement to operate a jail
facility. Facilities include jails, detention centers, county
or city correctional centers, special jail facilities (such as
medical or treatment centers and prerelease centers),
and temporary holding or lockup facilities that are part
of a facility’s combined function. Jails are intended for
adults but can hold juveniles before or after their cases
are adjudicated.
Jails—
hold inmates sentenced to jail facilities who usually
have a sentence of 1 year or less
receive individuals pending arraignment and hold
them as they await trial, conviction, or sentencing
readmit probation, parole, and bail bond violators
and absconders
detain juveniles pending their transfer to
juvenile authorities
hold mentally ill persons pending their movement to
appropriate mental health facilities
hold individuals for the military, for protective custody,
as witnesses for courts, and for contempt of court
release convicted individuals to the community on
completion of sentence
transfer inmates to federal, state, or other authorities
house inmates for federal, state, tribal or
other authorities
operate community-based programs as alternatives
to incarceration.
Jail jurisdiction—A county (parish in Louisiana) or
municipal government that administers one or more local
jails and represents the entity responsible for managing
jail facilities under its authority. Most jail jurisdictions
consist of a single facility, but some have multiple facilities
or multiple facility operators (e.g., a jail jurisdiction
consisting of a county jail and a private jail operated
Jail regions—Excludes the combined jail and prison
systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode
Island, and Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails
in Alaska.
Northeast: Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,
South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
South: Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia,
Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.
West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming.
Medication-assisted treatment (MAT)—Refers to the
use of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved
medications, such as methadone, buprenorphine (e.g.,
Suboxone), and naltrexone (e.g., Vivitrol), in the treatment
of substance use disorders.
Continued MAT—Refers to MAT provided for inmates
who were admitted with a current prescription for
buprenorphine (e.g., Suboxone) or naltrexone (e.g.,
Vivitrol) or were getting services from a methadone
clinic prior to admission.
Initiated MAT—Refers to inmates who were identied
as having an opioid use disorder (OUD) and were
Medications for opioid withdrawal—Includes
clonidine, lofexidine, methadone, or buprenorphine
(e.g., Suboxone). Excludes nonprescription or over-the-
counter medications.
Midyear population—The number of inmates held in
custody on the last weekday in June.
Opioids—A class of drug that includes heroin, synthetic
opioids such as fentanyl, and pain relievers available
legally by prescription such as oxycodone (OxyContin),
hydrocodone (Vicodin), codeine, and morphine.
Overdose reversal medications—Includes reversal
medications such as naloxone (Narcan).
Screening for OUD—Self-reported data obtained
through a questionnaire or interview used to identify
persons with OUD.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 5
Opioid overdose death rates in the U.S. resident population of persons ages 15 to 74
Opioid overdose death rates are an indicator of the
severity of the opioid epidemic. In each state, the severity
of the epidemic could be a driving factor in opioid use
disorder (OUD) response practices within local jails.
Based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention’s (CDC) online databases known as WONDER
(Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research),
death rates varied across states.
3
Among the 12 states with the highest rates of opioid
overdose deaths in 2019 (24.0 or more per 100,000
U.S. residents ages 15 to 74), most were located in the
Northeast (New Jersey, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
Maine, and Pennsylvania) and the South (West Virginia,
Maryland, Kentucky, and Tennessee) (map 1). The
remaining three states with the highest rates were in the
Midwest (Ohio and Indiana) and the West (New Mexico).
The District of Columbia (located in the South) was also
among those reporting the highest opioid overdose
death rates.
Among states with the lowest rates of opioid overdose
deaths in 2019 (fewer than 10.0 per 100,000 U.S. residents
North Dakota, Iowa, South Dakota, and Nebraska), three
were in the South (Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas), and
two were in the West (Idaho and Montana).
In this report, OUD screening and treatment practices
and prevalence of screenings and treatment for OUD are
examined along with opioid overdose death rates among
U.S. residents ages 15 to 74. The resident population was
limited to persons ages 15 to 74 because this age range
accounts for nearly all persons held in local jails. States
3
See National Center for Health Statistics. (2021). Multiple Cause
of Death by Single Race 2018–2020 [Dataset]. CDC WONDER.
https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html
were grouped into four rate categories: fewer than 10.0
opioid overdose deaths per 100,000 U.S. residents ages
15 to 74; 10 to 14.9 per 100,000; 15 to 23.9 per 100,000;
and 24.0 or more per 100,000. States that have jails only
as part of a combined jail and prison system (Connecticut,
Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont) were
excluded from the groupings.
MAP 1
Rates of opioid overdose deaths per 100,000 U.S.
WA MT ND MN WI MI NY
ME
NH
RIMA
CTNJPA
VT
MD DE
DCVA
GA
FL
NCSCALMSLA
TX
HI
AK
OR
ID
NV
CA AZ
NM OK
WY SD
UT
CO
IA IL IN OH
NE MO KY WV
KS AR TN
24.0 or more
Not calculated
Fewer than 10.0
10–14.9
15–23.9
Note: Opioid overdose death rates were not calculated for states that
have jails only as part of a combined jail and prison system because
they are excluded from the Census of Jails. See appendix table 2 for
opioid overdose death rates.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center
for Health Statistics, WONDER (Wide-ranging ONline Data for
Epidemiologic Research), Multiple Cause of Death by Single Race,
2018–2020.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | MONTH 2022 6
A larger percentage of jail jurisdictions in the Northeast
than in other regions screened for OUD at intake
At midyear 2019, more than 6 in 10 (63%) local
jail jurisdictions across the nation conducted OUD
screenings at intake (table 2). Eighty-six percent of
jail jurisdictions in the Northeast screened for OUD at
intake, compared to 69% in the West, 61% in the South,
and 59% in the Midwest. All jail jurisdictions in New
Hampshire, New Jersey, West Virginia, and the District of
Columbia screened for OUD (map 2). Fewer than 50% of
local jail jurisdictions in seven states (Nevada, Arkansas,
Alaska, South Dakota, Montana, Mississippi, and Iowa)
screened for OUD at intake.
Eighty-nine percent of jail jurisdictions holding 1,000
or more inmates conducted OUD screenings at intake,
compared to 76% of those holding 250 to 999 inmates.
Among smaller jail jurisdictions holding fewer than 250
inmates, 58% conducted OUD screenings. A smaller
percentage of rural jail jurisdictions (59%) conducted
OUD screenings than urban jail jurisdictions(73%).
More than 7 in 10 (72%) jail jurisdictions in states with
opioid overdose death rates of 15 or more per 100,000
U.S. residents ages 15 to 74 screened for OUD at intake.
Half (50%) of jail jurisdictions in states with fewer than
10.0 opioid overdose deaths per 100,000 screened for
OUD at intake.
Eighteen percent of all local jail jurisdictions conducted
routine urinalysis tests for the detection of opioids at
intake. irty-three percent of jail jurisdictions in the
Northeast, 19% in the South, 16% in the West, and 14%
in the Midwest conducted urinalysis tests for opioids at
intake. Nearly 3 in 10 (29%) jail jurisdictions holding 500
to 999 inmates conducted urinalysis testing for opioids
at intake, compared to fewer than 2 in 10 (18%) holding
2,500 or more inmates and 1 in 10 (11%) holding fewer
than 50. Fewer than 2 in 10 rural (18%) and urban (17%)
jail jurisdictions conducted routine urinalysis tests.
TABLE 2
Percent of local jail jurisdictions that screened for
opioid use disorder at intake, by screening practice and
jurisdiction characteristics, midyear 2019
Jurisdiction characteristic
Number
of jail
jurisdictions
Practice at intake
Screened
for OUD
Conducted
routine
urinalysis test
for opioids
U.S. total 2,850 63.2% 17.6%
Region
Northeast 175 86.3% 33.5%
Midwest 950 59.5 13.9
South 1,319 61.1 18.6
West 406 68.8 16.2
Size of jail jurisdiction (ADP)
Fewer than 50 inmates 991 49.7% 11.3%
50–99 504 63.2 18.4
100–249 642 67.0 18.7
250–499 348 74.4 23.1
500–999 215 78.8 28.8
1,000–2,499 123 89.0 23.8
2,500 or more 27 91.0 18.4
Locality
Urban 787 73.3% 17.5%
Rural 2,063 59.4 17.6
State’s rate of opioid overdose
deaths per 100,000 U.S.
residents ages 15–74
Fewer than 10.0 776 49.8% 5.0%
10–14.9 676 60.3 22.5
15–23.9 820 72.2 17.5
24.0 or more 578 71.9 28.5
Note: ADP denotes average daily population. See Terms and denitions for
details on jurisdiction characteristics and screening practices. Excludes
the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware,
Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in
Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response rates. See appendix table 2
for opioid overdose death rates. See appendix table 3 for region- and state-
level percentages of admissions occurring in jurisdictions that screened for
opioid use disorder (OUD) at intake.
for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics,
WONDER (Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research),
Multiple Cause of Death by Single Race, 2018–2020.
MAP 2
Percent of local jail jurisdictions that screened for opioid
use disorder at intake, by state, midyear 2019
WA MT ND MN WI MI NY
ME
NH
RIMA
CTNJPA
VT
MD DE
DCVA
GA
FL
NCSCALMSLA
TX
HI
AK
OR
ID
NV
CA AZ
NM OK
WY SD
UT
CO
IA IL IN OH
NE MO KY WV
KS AR TN
75%–89.9%
90%–100%
Not collected
25%–49.9%
50%–64.9%
65%–74.9%
Note: See Terms and denitions for details on screening practices. Excludes
the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware,
Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in
Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response rates. See appendix table 4
for percentages.
2019.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 7
Jails in the Northeast reported the highest
percentage of OUD screenings among admissions
and the highest percentage of positive screenings
Between June 1 and June 30, 2019, an estimated 894,030
persons were admitted to local jails (table 3). During that
period, jails in the Northeast admitted 53,340 persons
and screened 80% of those admissions for OUD. More
than a quarter (26%) of OUD screenings in the Northeast
were positive. Jails in the West (197,570 admissions)
and Midwest (208,880) had about four times as many
admissions as those in the Northeast and screened a
smaller percentage for OUD (68% of admissions in
the West and 61% in the Midwest). Jails in the South
(434,230 admissions), with more than eight times as
many admissions as jails in the Northeast, screened
62% of admissions for OUD. Fifteen percent of OUD
screenings in the South, 13% in the Midwest, and 11% in
the West were positive.
Larger jail jurisdictions (those holding 1,000 or more
inmates) reported that 79% of persons admitted in June
2019 were screened for OUD. Forty-eight percent of
persons admitted in smaller jail jurisdictions (those
holding fewer than 250 inmates) were screened for OUD.
While the percentage of admissions screened generally
increased with jail jurisdiction size, the percentage of
screenings that were positive uctuated. e percent
of positive OUD screenings (22%) was highest in jail
jurisdictions holding 100 to 249 inmates.
Urban jails (69%) screened a larger percentage of
admissions for OUD than rural jails (53%). However, a
greater percentage of screenings in rural jails (19%) than
in urban jails (13%) were positive.
In states with the highest opioid overdose death rates
(24.0 or more per 100,000 U.S. residents ages 15 to
74), local jails conducted OUD screenings on 68% of
June 2019 admissions. For states with the lowest opioid
overdose death rates (fewer than 10.0 per 100,000),
58% of admissions were screened. Twenty-two percent
of OUD screenings in states with the highest opioid
overdose death rates were positive, compared to 6% in
states with the lowest rates.
TABLE 3
Percent of local jail admissions in June 2019 screened
for opioid use disorder and positive screenings, by
jurisdiction characteristics
Jurisdiction characteristic
Admissions in June 2019
a
Percent of
positive
screenings
Number
Percent
screened
for OUD
b
U.S. total 894,030 64.2 % 14.5 %
Region
Northeast 53,340 79.9 % 26.5 %
Midwest 208,880 60.8 13.1
South 434,230 62.4 14.8
West 197,570 67.8 11.4
Size of jail jurisdiction (ADP)
Fewer than 50 inmates 60,620 36.0 % 14.9 %
50–99 61,690 51.1 18.9
100–249 146,720 51.5 21.6
250–499 157,750 63.6 19.7
500–999 167,040 67.6 12.4
1,000–2,499 189,070 81.3 11.0
2,500 or more 111,150 74.2 7.9
Locality
Urban 626,050 69.3 % 12.7 %
Rural 267,970 52.6 19.5
State’s rate of opioid overdose
deaths per 100,000 U.S.
residents ages 15–74
Fewer than 10.0 190,590 58.0 % 6.5 %
10–14.9 239,350 60.5 13.7
15–23.9 289,370 69.2 14.7
24.0 or more 174,720 67.5 21.6
Note: OUD denotes opioid use disorder. ADP denotes average
dailypopulation. See Terms and denitions for details on jurisdiction
characteristics and screening practices. Excludes the combined jail and
prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and
Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in Alaska. Counts are rounded
to the nearest 10. Details may not sum to total due to rounding. See
appendix table 1 for item response rates. See appendix table 2 for opioid
overdose death rates.
a
Persons admitted more than once may be counted multiple times. When
June 2019 admissions were not provided, BJS calculated them by dividing
annual admissions by 365 and multiplying by 30.
b
Persons admitted more than once may account for multiple screenings.
for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics,
WONDER (Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research),
Multiple Cause of Death by Single Race, 2018–2020.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 8
More than three-quarters of June 2019 jail admissions
in 12 states and the District of Columbia were
screened for OUD
All persons admitted to jails between June 1 and June 30,
2019 in the District of Columbia (100%) were screened
for OUD (table 4). New Jersey (99%) and West Virginia
(97%) reported that nearly all admissions during the
same 1-month period were screened for OUD. In
comparison, local jails in four states (South Dakota,
Iowa, Idaho, and Wyoming) screened fewer than 30% of
their admissions. ese same four states reported rates of
positive OUD screenings ranging from about 1% to 6%.
More than 25% of OUD screenings were positive in local
jails in six states, including New Hampshire (58%), North
Dakota (32%), New York (29%), Massachusetts, (28%),
Pennsylvania (26%), and Tennessee (26%).
TABLE 4
Percent of local jail admissions in June 2019 screened for opioid use disorder and positive screenings, by region and state
Region/state
Percent of admissions
in June 2019 screened
for OUD*
Percent of positive
screenings Region/state
Percent of admissions
in June 2019 screened
for OUD*
Percent of positive
screenings
U.S. total 64.2% 14.5% Georgia 55.5 18.5
Northeast 79.9% 26.5% Kentucky 54.4 19.6
Maine 60.5 15.2 Louisiana 54.9 10.1
Massachusetts 69.0 27.5 Maryland 86.8 23.1
New Hampshire 78.9 57.7 Mississippi 36.2 10.9
New Jersey 98.7 19.5 North Carolina 64.3 22.8
New York 72.3 29.4 Oklahoma 62.6 5.9
Pennsylvania 77.2 26.5 South Carolina 49.0 13.6
Midwest 60.8% 13.1% Tennessee 52.2 25.6
Illinois 57.4 10.5 Texas 68.7 5.5
Indiana 58.7 16.0 Virginia 78.2 16.6
Iowa 26.1 5.6 West Virginia 97.0 /
Kansas 72.1 1.5 West 67.8% 11.4%
Michigan 73.8 16.2 Alaska 31.3 25.0
Minnesota 58.3 12.9 Arizona 85.4 9.7
Missouri 63.8 14.1 California 65.7 7.4
Nebraska 30.3 4.2 Colorado 85.1 8.2
North Dakota 57.5 32.3 Idaho 22.9 3.2
Ohio 72.1 18.7 Montana 35.0
12.8
South Dakota 26.4 1.9 Nevada 63.8 5.1
Wisconsin 61.8 12.4 New Mexico 75.3 15.1
South 62.4% 14.8% Oregon 51.9 19.8
Alabama 41.2 15.8 Utah 79.1 11.7
Arkansas 42.2 12.8 Washington 86.4 24.3
District of Columbia 100 5.9 Wyoming 22.2 0.8
Florida 84.6 15.5
Note: OUD denotes opioid use disorder. See Terms and denitions for details on jail regions and screening practices. Excludes the combined jail and prison
systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item
response rates.
*Persons admitted more than once may be counted multiple times. When June 2019 admissions were not provided, BJS calculated them by dividing annual
admissions by 365 and multiplying by 30. Persons admitted more than once may account for multiple screenings.
/Not reported due to insucient data. Ten of 11 jurisdictions did not specify the number of positive OUD screenings.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 9
A majority of jails in the Northeast, West, and Midwest
provided medications for opioid withdrawal
At midyear 2019, more than half (54%) of local jail
jurisdictions provided medications for opioid withdrawal
to conned persons (table 5). is included most jail
jurisdictions in the Northeast (82%), more than half
in the West (59%) and Midwest (55%), and fewer than
half of jurisdictions in the South (47%). When grouped
by size, more than half of jail jurisdictions within each
group provided opioid withdrawal medications, except
for those in jail jurisdictions holding fewer than 50
inmates (36%).
In states with opioid death rates of 15 or more per
100,000 U.S. residents ages 15 to 74, about 62% of
jail jurisdictions provided medications for opioid
withdrawal. In comparison, 46% of jail jurisdictions
oered medications in states with rates of fewer than 15
per 100,000.
Nearly 7 in 10 (69%) jail jurisdictions in the Northeast
provided overdose education to conned persons with
OUD, compared to nearly 3 in 10 (29%) jail jurisdictions
overall. More than two times the percentage of urban
jail jurisdictions (48%) as rural jail jurisdictions (22%)
provided overdose education. In states with 24.0 or
more opioid overdose deaths per 100,000 U.S. residents
ages of 15 to 74, about 45% of jail jurisdictions provided
overdose education, compared to 11% of jail jurisdictions
in states with fewer than 10.0 per 100,000.
TABLE 5
Percent of local jail jurisdictions that treated for opioid use disorder in custody, by treatment practice and jurisdiction
characteristics, midyear 2019
Jurisdiction characteristic
Number of jail
jurisdictions
Practice in custody
Provided
medications for
opioid withdrawal
Provided
overdose
education
Initiated
behavioral/
psychological
treatment Continued MAT Initiated MAT
U.S. total 2,850 53.7% 29.3% 40.8% 23.5% 19.2%
Region
Northeast 175 82.3% 69.2% 82.1% 51.4% 43.6%
Midwest 950 55.3 25.4 37.4 24.4 20.8
South 1,319 47.0 24.5 36.4 16.0 12.8
West 406 58.9 36.9 45.3 33.4 25.5
Size of jail jurisdiction (ADP)
Fewer than 50 inmates 991 35.5% 13.4% 23.0% 15.5% 11.5%
50–99 504 57.0 27.5 41.0 21.5 16.6
100–249 642 61.3 33.7 48.6 24.4 22.2
250–499 348 67.8 42.2 56.0 28.7 21.5
500–999 215 65.5 45.8 55.4 36.0 32.3
1,000–2,499 123 80.3 67.0 68.0 47.8 40.5
2,500 or more 27 86.5 86.3 85.9 66.0 56.3
Locality
Urban 787 65.3% 47.7
% 55.6% 36.4% 30.2%
Rural 2,063 49.2 22.3 35.2 18.6 15.0
State’s rate of opioid overdose
deaths per 100,000 U.S.
residents ages 15–74
Fewer than 10.0 776 43.4% 11.3% 26.0% 19.1% 13.2%
10–14.9 676 48.9 28.8 39.5 22.0 18.1
15–23.9 820 62.2 35.8 48.1 25.6 21.7
24.0 or more 578 60.8 44.7 51.7 28.2 24.8
Note: MAT denotes medication-assisted treatment. ADP denotes average daily population. See Terms and denitions for details on jurisdiction
characteristics and treatment practices. Excludes the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and
Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response rates. See appendix table 2 for opioid overdose death rates.
See appendix table 3 for region- and state-level percentages of conned persons being held in jurisdictions that treated for opioid use disorder (OUD) in
custody.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails, 2019; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, WONDER
(Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research), Multiple Cause of Death by Single Race, 2018–2020.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 10
Jail jurisdictions more commonly provided
behavioral or psychological treatment for OUD than
continued or initiated MAT for OUD
Forty-one percent of local jail jurisdictions initiated
behavioral or psychological treatment for OUD, 24%
continued MAT for persons admitted with a current
prescription or getting services from a methadone clinic
prior to admission, and 19% initiated MAT for inmates
with OUD at midyear 2019. Regardless of region, jail
jurisdiction size, locality, or opioid overdose death rate,
larger percentages of jail jurisdictions initiated behavioral
or psychological treatment for OUD than initiated or
continued MAT.
In states with 24.0 or more opioid overdose deaths
per 100,000 U.S. residents ages 15 to 74, 28% of jail
jurisdictions continued MAT, while 25% initiated MAT.
In states with fewer than 10.0 opioid overdose deaths
per 100,000, 19% of jail jurisdictions continued MAT
and 13% initiated MAT for OUD.
MAP 3
Percent of local jail jurisdictions that continued medication-
assisted treatment for opioid use disorder in custody,
by state, midyear 2019
WA MT ND MN WI MI NY
ME
NH
RIMA
CTNJPA
VT
MD DE
DCVA
GA
FL
NCSCALMSLA
TX
HI
AK
OR
ID
NV
CA AZ
NM OK
WY SD
UT
CO
IA IL IN OH
NE MO KY WV
KS AR TN
30%–59.9%
60%–100%
Not collected
Fewer than 10%
10%–19.9%
20%–29.9%
Note: See Terms and denitions for details on screening and treatment
practices. Excludes the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska,
Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15
locally operated jails in Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response
rates. See appendix table 4 for percentages.
Four Northeast states were among the six states with
the highest percentages of local jail jurisdictions
initiating and continuing MAT for OUD
At midyear 2019, the percentage of jail jurisdictions
in the Northeast continuing (51%) MAT for admitted
persons or initiating (44%) MAT for conned persons
with OUD was more than three times as high as the
percentage for jail jurisdictions in the South (16%
continuing or 13% initiating MAT) (maps 3 and 4).
e District of Columbia’s single jail jurisdiction
reported both continuing and initiating MAT. More
than 60% of jail jurisdictions in ve states (New
Jersey, West Virginia, Maine, Washington, and New
Hampshire) continued MAT, while in two states (New
Jersey and Massachusetts) more than 60% of jail
jurisdictions initiated MAT. Both continuing MAT and
initiating MAT were reported in fewer than 10% of
jail jurisdictions in ve states (South Dakota, Alaska,
Alabama, New Mexico, and Mississippi).
MAP 4
Percent of local jail jurisdictions that initiated medication-
assisted treatment for opioid use disorder in custody,
by state, midyear 2019
WA MT ND MN WI MI NY
ME
NH
RIMA
CTNJPA
VT
MD DE
DCVA
GA
FL
NCSCALMSLA
TX
HI
AK
OR
ID
NV
CA AZ
NM OK
WY SD
UT
CO
IA IL IN OH
NE MO KY WV
KS AR TN
30%–59.9%
60%–100%
Not collected
Fewer than 10%
10%–19.9%
20%–29.9%
Note: See Terms and denitions for details on treatment practices. Excludes
the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware,
Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in
Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response rates. See appendix table 4
for percentages.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 11
The percentage of jail admissions treated for opioid
withdrawal was four times as high in the Northeast
as in the West, Midwest, or South
Among admissions to local jails between June 1 and
June 30, 2019 (894,030), about 5% were treated for
opioid withdrawal while conned in jail (table 6).
e percentage of jail admissions treated for opioid
withdrawal was four times as high in the Northeast
(16%) as in the West, Midwest, or South (4% each).
While jails in the Northeast accounted for 6% of all
persons admitted between June 1 and June 30, 2019,
those jails accounted for 20% of all admissions treated
for opioid withdrawal (not shown in tables). e South
accounted for 49% of all persons admitted to local jails
during the 1-month period and 40% of all jail admissions
treated for opioid withdrawal (not shown in tables).
During June 2019, about 7% of persons admitted to local
jail jurisdictions holding 250 to 499 inmates were treated
for opioid withdrawal, compared to 4% of those admitted
in jail jurisdictions holding 2,500 or more inmates and
1% of those admitted in jail jurisdictions holding fewer
than 50 inmates. Four percent of persons admitted to
rural jails during June 2019 were treated for opioid
withdrawal, compared to 5% of urban jail admissions.
Jails located in states with the highest rates of opioid
overdose deaths (24.0 or more per 100,000 U.S. residents
ages 15 to 74) reported the highest percentage of June
2019 admissions treated for opioid withdrawal (9%).
Similarly, jails located in states with the lowest rates of
opioid overdose deaths (fewer than 10.0 per 100,000) also
reported the lowest percentage of admissions treated for
opioid withdrawal (2%).
TABLE 6
Percent of local jail admissions in June 2019 treated for
opioid withdrawal, by jurisdiction characteristics
Jurisdiction characteristic
Admissions in June 2019
a
Number
Percent treated for
opioid withdrawal
b
U.S. total 894,030 4.8%
Region
Northeast 53,340 16.2%
Midwest 208,880 4.1
South 434,230 3.9
West 197,570 4.3
Size of jail jurisdiction (ADP)
Fewer than 50 inmates 60,620 1.2%
50–99 61,690 4.4
100–249 146,720 4.1
250–499 157,750 6.6
500–999 167,040 4.9
1,000–2,499 189,070 5.8
2,500 or more 111,150 3.7
Locality
Urban 626,050 5.1%
Rural 267,970 4.0
State’s rate of opioid overdose
deaths per 100,000 U.S.
residents ages 15–74
Fewer than 10.0 190,590 1.5%
10–14.9 239,350 4.1
15–23.9 289,370 4.7
24.0 or more 174,720 9.2
Note: ADP denotes average daily population. See Terms and denitions for
details on jurisdiction characteristics and treatment practices. Excludes
the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware,
Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in
Alaska. Counts are rounded to the nearest 10. Details may not sum to
total due to rounding. See appendix table 1 for item response rates. See
appendix table 2 for opioid overdose death rates.
a
Persons admitted more than once may be counted multiple times. When
June 2019 admissions were not provided, BJS calculated them by dividing
annual admissions by 365 and multiplying by 30.
b
Persons admitted more than once may be counted multiple times among
those treated.
for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics,
WONDER (Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research),
Multiple Cause of Death by Single Race, 2018–2020.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 12
More than 10% of June 2019 jail admissions in seven
states were treated for opioid withdrawal
Nearly a quarter (24%) of persons admitted to jails in
New Hampshire between June 1 and June 30, 2019 were
treated for opioid withdrawal (map 5; appendix table 5).
Eighteen percent of admissions in Washington,
Pennsylvania, and New Jersey and 12% in Massachusetts,
New York, and Maryland were treated for opioid
withdrawal. In nine states and the District of Columbia,
between 5% and 10% of jail admissions were treated
for opioid withdrawal. Jails in 15 states reported that
fewer than 2% of their admissions were treated for
opioid withdrawal.
MAP 5
Percent of local jail admissions in June 2019 treated for
opioid withdrawal, by state
WA MT ND MN WI MI NY
ME
NH
RIMA
CTNJPA
VT
MD DE
DCVA
GA
FL
NCSCALMSLA
TX
HI
AK
OR
ID
NV
CA AZ
NM OK
WY SD
UT
CO
IA IL IN OH
NE MO KY WV
KS AR TN
5%–9.9%
10%–23.5%
Not collected
Not reported*
Fewer than 1%
1%–1.9%
2%–4.9%
Note: See Terms and denitions for details on treatment practices. Excludes
the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware,
Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in
Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response rates. See appendix table 5
for percentages.
*Not reported due to insucient data. Ten of 11 jurisdictions did not
specify the number of admissions treated for opioid withdrawal.
Fewer than 1% of the conned local jail population
at midyear 2019 were receiving MAT for OUD
At midyear 2019, the highest percentage of conned
persons receiving MAT was reported in jails in the
Northeast (3%), followed by jails in the Midwest and
West (1% each) and jails in the South (0.4%) (table 7).
Jails in the South accounted for more than half (53%) of
the conned jail population at midyear 2019 but nearly
a quarter (24%) of jail inmates receiving MAT (not
shown in tables). In comparison, jails in the Northeast
accounted for 10% of conned persons but 32% of those
receiving MAT (not shown in tables).
Jail jurisdictions holding fewer than 50 inmates reported
the highest percentage of conned persons at midyear
2019 receiving MAT (2%), while jail jurisdictions in each
group holding 50 or more inmates reported fewer than
1%. Fewer than 1% of persons conned in urban and
rural jails were receiving MAT at midyear 2019.
TABLE 7
Percent of conned inmates at midyear 2019 receiving
medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder,
by jurisdiction characteristics
Jurisdiction characteristic
Conned inmates at midyear 2019
Number
Percent
receiving MAT
a
U.S. total 734,470 0.9 %
Region
Northeast 73,570 2.9 %
Midwest 125,330 1.0
South 386,770 0.4
West 148,800 1.1
Size of jail jurisdiction (ADP)
Fewer than 50 inmates 19,300 1.6 %
50–99 35,450 0.8
100–249 100,100 0.9
250–499 118,700 0.7
500–999 150,380 0.9
1,000–2,499 178,390 0.9
2,500 or more 132,150 0.8
Locality
Urban 522,050 0.9 %
Rural 212,420 0.7
State’s rate of opioid overdose
deaths per 100,000 U.S.
residents ages 15–74
Fewer than 10.0 116,330 0.3 %
10–14.9 189,860 0.8
15–23.9 254,630 0.8
24.0 or more 173,640 1.4
Note: MAT denotes medication-assisted treatment. ADP denotes average
daily population. See Terms and denitions for details on jurisdiction
characteristics and treatment practices. Excludes the combined jail and
prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and
Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in Alaska. Counts are rounded
to the nearest 10. Details may not sum to total due to rounding. See
appendix table 1 for item response rates. See appendix table 2 for opioid
overdose death rates.
a
Includes inmates for whom jail jurisdictions continued or initiated MAT.
for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics,
WONDER (Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research),
Multiple Cause of Death by Single Race, 2018–2020.
Jails located in states with the highest rates of opioid
overdose deaths (24.0 or more per 100,000 U.S. residents
ages 15 to 74) reported the highest percentage of
conned persons receiving MAT (1.4%). In comparison,
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 13
jails located in states with the lowest rates of opioid
overdose deaths (fewer than 10.0 per 100,000) reported
the lowest percentage of conned persons receiving
MAT (0.3%).
About 5% of persons conned in jails in New Mexico,
4% in New Jersey and Washington, and 3% in New York
were receiving MAT for OUD (map 6; appendix table 5).
A total of 31 states reported that fewer than 1% of their
midyear 2019 conned jail population were receiving
MAT, of which 20 states reported fewer than 0.5%.
MAP 6
Percent of conned inmates at midyear 2019 receiving
medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder,
by state
WA MT ND MN WI MI NY
ME
NH
RIMA
CTNJPA
VT
MD DE
DCVA
GA
FL
NCSCALMSLA
TX
HI
AK
OR
ID
NV
CA AZ
NM OK
WY SD
UT
CO
IA IL IN OH
NE MO KY WV
KS AR TN
1.5%–2.9%
3%–5%
Not collected
Fewer than 0.5%
0.5%–0.9%
1%–1.49%
Note: See Terms and denitions for details on treatment practices. Excludes
the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware,
Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in
Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response rates. See appendix table 5
for percentages.
Jails in states with the highest opioid overdose
death rates were most likely to provide OUD services
upon release
At midyear 2019, about 28% of local jail jurisdictions
linked persons with OUD to MAT in the community and
25% provided overdose reversal medications to persons
with OUD upon release (table 8). e percentage of
jail jurisdictions that upon release linked inmates with
OUD to MAT in the community was almost ve times
as high in states with the highest opioid overdose death
rates of 24.0 or more per 100,000 U.S. residents ages
15 to 74 (44% of jail jurisdictions) as in states with the
lowest rates of fewer than 10.0 per 100,000 (9% of jail
jurisdictions). In states with the highest opioid overdose
death rates, 33% of jail jurisdictions provided overdose
reversal medications upon release, more than twice the
jail jurisdictions (16%) in states with the lowest opioid
overdose death rates.
TABLE 8
Percent of local jail jurisdictions that treated for opioid
use disorder upon release, by treatment practice and
jurisdiction characteristics, midyear 2019
Jurisdiction characteristic
Number
of jail
jurisdictions
Practice upon release
Provided
overdose
reversal
medications
Provided
community
link to MAT
U.S. total 2,850 25.2% 27.9%
Region
Northeast 175 45.0% 70.6%
Midwest 950 25.7 28.3
South 1,319 20.1 18.8
West 406 31.5 37.5
Size of jail jurisdiction (ADP)
Fewer than 50 inmates 991 13.4% 12.1%
50–99 504 25.8 23.9
100–249 642 29.9 32.3
250–499 348 35.2 41.7
500–999 215 31.0 48.8
1,000–2,499 123 47.7 64.4
2,500 or more 27 63.8 76.1
Locality
Urban 787 35.0% 48.6%
Rural 2,063 21.4 20.0
State’s rate of opioid overdose
deaths per 100,000 U.S.
residents ages 15–74
Fewer than 10.0 776 16.3% 9.5%
10–14.9 676 23.6 26.1
15–23.9 820 29.3 34.8
24.0 or more 578 32.8 44.4
Note: MAT denotes medication-assisted treatment. ADP denotes average
daily population. See Terms and denitions for details on jurisdiction
characteristics and treatment practices. Excludes the combined jail and
prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island,
and Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in Alaska. See appendix
table 1 for item response rates. See appendix table 2 for opioid overdose
death rates. See appendix table 3 for region- and state-level percentages
of releases occurring in jurisdictions that treated for opioid use disorder
(OUD) upon release.
for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics,
WONDER (Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research),
Multiple Cause of Death by Single Race, 2018–2020.
e percentage of jail jurisdictions that, upon release,
provided overdose reversal medications to persons with
OUD and linked persons with OUD to MAT in the
community generally increased with the size of the jail
jurisdiction. More than 2 in 10 jail jurisdictions holding
fewer than 250 inmates provided overdose reversal
medications upon release to persons with OUD (21%)
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 14
and linked persons with OUD to MAT in the community
(21%). In comparison, 51% of jail jurisdictions holding
1,000 or more inmates provided overdose reversal
medications to persons with OUD, while 67% linked
persons with OUD to MAT in the community.
Jail jurisdictions in the Northeast (71%) were almost
two times as likely as jails in the West (37%), about
two and a half times as likely as those in the Midwest
(28%), and almost four times as likely as those in the
South (19%) to link persons with OUD to MAT in the
community. Similarly, the Northeast (45%) had the
highest percentage of jail jurisdictions providing upon
release opioid overdose reversal medications, followed by
the West (32%), Midwest (26%), and South (20%). Fiy
percent or more of jail jurisdictions in six states, three of
which were in the Northeast (Massachusetts, New Jersey,
and New Hampshire), provided opioid overdose reversal
medications upon release to persons with OUD (map 7).
e District of Columbia’s single jail jurisdiction also
provided opioid overdose reversal medications
upon release.
MAP 7
Percent of local jail jurisdictions that provided
overdose reversal medications upon release, by state,
midyear2019
WA MT ND MN WI MI NY
ME
NH
RIMA
CTNJPA
VT
MD DE
DCVA
GA
FL
NCSCALMSLA
TX
HI
AK
OR
ID
NV
CA AZ
NM OK
WY SD
UT
CO
IA IL IN OH
NE MO KY WV
KS AR TN
35%–49.9%
50%–100%
Not collected
Fewer than 10%
10%–19.9%
20%–34.9%
Note: See Terms and denitions for details on treatment practices. Excludes
the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware,
Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15 locally operated jails in
Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response rates. See appendix table 4
for percentages.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 15
Methodology
Findings in this report are based on the 2019 Census
of Jails (COJ). rough the COJ, the Bureau of Justice
Statistics (BJS) periodically conducts a complete
enumeration of local jail jurisdictions and facilities
and the Federal Bureau of Prisons’ (BOP) detention
facilities that function as jails to collect data on inmate
populations and jail programs. e 2019 COJ was the
eleventh collection in this series since 1970. A one-time
addendum was added to the 2019 COJ to better
understand local jail jurisdictions’ response to the opioid
crisis and to estimate the number of jail admissions
screened for opioid use disorder (OUD), screenings that
were positive, admissions treated for opioid withdrawal,
and conned jail inmates receiving medication-assisted
treatment (MAT) for OUD. Data were collected from jail
administrators through a web-based instrument.
Universe of the Census of Jails
e COJ gathers data from jails that hold inmates beyond
arraignment, usually for a period exceeding 72 hours. Jail
facilities are intended to hold adults, but some also hold
juveniles (persons younger than age 18). e universe of
the COJ consists of all local jail jurisdictions (including
county, city, regional, and privately operated jail facilities)
and BOP detention facilities that function as jails.
4
e universe of the COJ excludes separate temporary
holding facilities (such as drunk tanks and police
lockups) that do not hold persons aer they have
been formally charged in court, unless the temporary
holding facilities are operated as part of a local jail. e
combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut,
Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont are
excluded because these combined systems are operated
by state departments of corrections and are included
in BJS’s National Prisoner Statistics program. However,
15independently operated jails in Alaska are included in
the universe of the COJ.
Jail jurisdictions and facilities
A jail jurisdiction is a legal entity that has responsibility
for managing jail facilities. Jail jurisdictions typically
operate at the county level, with a sheri ’s oce or
jail administrator managing the local facilities. Most
jail jurisdictions consist of a single facility, but some
have multiple facilities under a central authority. Based
on the 2019 COJ, 6.7% of jail jurisdictions had more
4
Regional jail jurisdictions are created by two or more local governing
bodies through cooperative agreements.
than one facility, while 15% of all jail facilities were
part of a multifacility jurisdiction. At midyear 2019,
there were 2,850 active jail jurisdictions in the country
operating a total of 3,116 county (2,706), city (298),
regional (78), and private (34) jail facilities. See Census
of Jails, 2005–2019 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 255406,
BJS, October 2021).
Response rate and nonresponse adjustment
e results of the 2019 COJ are not subject to sampling
error because the census represents a complete
enumeration of local jails in the United States.
However, the results were aected by unit and item
nonresponse, and adjustments were made to account for
such nonresponse.
e census had a response rate of 94%, with 183 jail
jurisdictions not responding to the census. To reduce
nonresponse bias, nonresponse weighting was
implemented. To calculate the nonresponse weight,
missing data were rst imputed for two variables
(conned inmate population and number of juveniles)
using a last observation carried forward procedure.
e missing data were replaced with the most recent
prior-year data that the same jail jurisdictions reported
to BJS’s 2016, 2017, or 2018 Annual Survey of Jails or
Mortality in Correctional Institutions jail collection. For
cases with no prior-year data, a weighted sequential hot
deck procedure was implemented using the statistical
analysis soware SAS to impute missing data, where the
donor for each missing item was randomly selected from
a set of similar jails (by state, regional jail indicator, and
jail size category), sorted by related auxiliary population
values (e.g., average daily population, rated capacity,
or conned population). Next, all jail jurisdictions
were classied into 10 strata based on their reported or
imputed values of conned population, the presence
of juveniles, and whether the jail jurisdictions were
operated as regional jails in the 2019 COJ.
e nonresponse weight was calculated as the total
conned population of all active jail jurisdictions in each
state and stratum, divided by the sum of the conned
population of all jail jurisdictions in each state and
stratum that responded to the 2019 COJ:
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 16
where—
n
sh
= number of jail jurisdictions in state s and stratum h,
p
shi
= conned population for jail jurisdiction i in state s
and stratum h,
A
shi
= active status indicator for jail jurisdiction i in state
s and stratum h (1 = active, 0 = out of scope), and
R
shi
= response indicator of jail jurisdiction i in state s
and stratum h (1 = respondent, 0 = nonrespondent).
Item nonresponse
Among the 2,667 jail jurisdictions across 45 states and
the District of Columbia that responded to the 2019
COJ, 122 (4.6%) did not provide a response for all
12questions on OUD screening and treatment practices.
Item missingness on the number of OUD screenings,
positive screenings, admissions treated for opioid
withdrawal, and persons conned to local jails receiving
MAT for OUD ranged from 3.5% to 9.0%. Percentage
values were estimated based on jails that provided valid
data on those items, weighted for survey nonresponse.
For example, the percentage of jail jurisdictions that
conducted OUD screenings was the number of jail
jurisdictions that conducted screenings, divided by the
number of jail jurisdictions that answered the question
on OUD screenings, weighted for survey nonresponse.
e number of jails that responded to the 2019 COJ
but did not provide an answer to the question (i.e., item
nonresponse) was excluded from the denominator.
Opioid overdose death rates in the U.S. resident
population
Rates at which persons ages 15 to 74 died of opioid
overdose in the United States were based on the 2018–
2020 Multiple Cause of Death Data from the WONDER
(Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic
Research) online databases maintained by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center
for Health Statistics (NCHS). (See https://wonder.cdc.
gov/mcd.html.) Fiy-seven vital statistics jurisdictions
provided these data through the NCHS’s Vital Statistics
Cooperative Program. Opioid overdose deaths included
deaths with underlying causes of unintentional
drug poisoning (X40–X44), suicide drug poisoning
(X60–X64), homicide drug poisoning (X85), or drug
poisoning of undetermined intent (Y10–Y14), as coded
in the International Classication of Diseases, 10th
Revision (ICD-10), as well as any opioid subcategory as
determined by the following ICD-10 multiple cause-of-
death codes: heroin (T40.1), natural and semi-synthetic
opioids (T40.2), methadone (T40.3), other synthetic
opioids (other than methadone) (T40.4), or other
and unspecied narcotics (T40.6). Deaths of persons
with an unspecied age were not included in the data
by age groups and therefore were excluded from age-
specic rates.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 17
APPENDIX TABLE 1
Rate of response to survey items on screening and
treatment for opioid use disorder, midyear 2019
Percent
Responding jail jurisdictions that reported whether jail
jurisdiction—
Screened for OUD at intake 96.0%
Conducted routine urinalysis test for opioids at intake 96.0
Provided medications for opioid withdrawal in custody 95.9
Provided overdose education in custody 95.9
Initiated behavioral/psychological treatment in custody 95.9
Continued MAT in custody 95.8
Initiated MAT in custody 95.7
Provided overdose reversal medications upon release 95.7
Provided community link to MAT upon release 95.7
Responding jails that reported numbers of—
Admissions screened for OUD
a
96.5%
Positive screenings
a
91.0
Admissions treated for opioid withdrawal
b
91.4
Conned inmates receiving MAT
c
95.1
Note: OUD denotes opioid use disorder. MAT denotes medication-assisted
treatment. See Terms and denitions for details on screening and treatment
practices. Excludes the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska,
Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15
locally operated jails in Alaska.
a
Percentage is based on the number of jails that screened for OUD.
b
Percentage is based on the number of jails that provided medications for
opioid withdrawal.
c
Percentage is based on the number of jails that continued or initiated MAT.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 18
APPENDIX TABLE 2
Rates for map 1: Rates of opioid overdose deaths per 100,000 U.S. residents ages 15
to 74, by state, 2019
Region/state Rate per 100,000 Region/state Rate per 100,000
Northeast Georgia 10.7
Maine 31.5 Kentucky 30.9
Massachusetts 37.1 Louisiana 16.1
New Hampshire 34.7 Maryland 46.1
New Jersey 37.5 Mississippi 11.1
New York 19.9 North Carolina 23.0
Pennsylvania 31.5 Oklahoma 9.3
Midwest South Carolina 22.2
Illinois 23.3 Tennessee 29.9
Indiana 25.0 Texas 6.9
Iowa 7.0 Virginia 19.5
Kansas 8.5 West Virginia 49.9
Michigan 23.7 West
Minnesota 10.1 Alaska 14.9
Missouri 23.8 Arizona 23.7
Nebraska 4.8 California 10.7
North Dakota 7.6 Colorado 14.1
Ohio 39.4 Idaho 9.8
South Dakota 6.1 Montana 8.5
Wisconsin 21.1 Nevada 15.9
South New Mexico 25.1
Alabama 11.3 Oregon 10.2
Arkansas 8.7 Utah 17.3
District of Columbia 43.5 Washington 14.1
Florida 23.4 Wyoming 10.3
Note: See Terms and denitions for details on jail regions. Excludes Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode
Island, and Vermont as all jails in these states are part of a combined jail and prison system and are excluded
from the Census of Jails.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails, 2019; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Health Statistics, WONDER (Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research),
Multiple Cause of Death by Single Race, 2018–2020.
APPENDIX TABLE 3
Percent of admissions, conned inmates, and releases in local jail jurisdictions that screened or treated for opioid use
disorder, by screening or treatment practice, region, and state, 2019
Region/state
Percent of annual
admissions in jail
jurisdictions that—
Percent of conned inmates at midyear 2019
in jail jurisdictions that—
Percent of annual releases
in jail jurisdictions that—
Screened
for OUD
Conducted
routine
urinalysis test
for opioids
Provided
medications
for opioid
withdrawal
Provided
overdose
education
Initiated
behavioral/
psychological
treatment
Continued
MAT
Initiated
MAT
Provided
overdose
reversal
medications
Provided
community
link to MAT
U.S. total 76.7% 19.6% 71.1% 53.4% 60.9% 40.2% 34.6% 40.0% 49.8%
Northeast 92.4% 35.6% 85.5% 71.5% 79.6% 62.8% 55.1% 56.2% 74.3%
Maine 84.2 17.9 100 84.4 100 92.4 69.9 55.4 78.3
Massachusetts 86.8 36.9 69.8 67.5 63.4 48.9 64.5 51.6 67.8
New Hampshire 100 55.9 93.3 68.2 83.7 73.0 57.5 31.0 74.4
New Jersey 100 31.1 100 83.4 87.6 72.6 67.7 66.8 67.2
New York 89.8 43.7 72.9 74.6 78.6 63.8 42.4 58.7 90.7
Pennsylvania 90.9 34.0 88.2 67.4 80.4 61.1 52.4 52.9 71.0
Midwest 71.5% 12.1% 74.4% 48.6% 58.1% 41.2% 41.6% 38.8% 53.6%
Illinois 69.6 3.2 78.8 53.6 68.5 57.6 56.7 49.5 61.8
Indiana 59.1 8.5 64.6 35.4 55.9 28.4 27.0 36.7 50.0
Iowa 42.8 3.2 72.5 3.8 54.3 34.9 14.7 33.3 29.0
Kansas 76.1 11.4 65.9 18.5 51.4 20.8 26.3 12.0 23.2
Michigan 80.8 7.5 73.8 55.7 61.8 38.2 38.6 45.5 65.0
Minnesota 61.2 34.8 73.9 64.3 39.9 38.2 29.1 32.6 63.6
Missouri 80.2 8.4 85.3 56.3 50.2 33.1 32.5 40.5 38.0
Nebraska 59.9 5.8 59.4 40.4 52.5 18.4 14.5 41.9 37.1
North Dakota 61.4 6.2 44.1 0.1 1.7 48.9 28.9 65.0 44.3
Ohio 83.8 21.8 79.1 70.7 65.4 46.3 60.0 32.3 70.7
South Dakota 64.1 3.4 77.8 32.3 42.2 40.7 32.0 43.1 20.3
Wisconsin 78.0 11.2 83.3 56.0 67.1 67.5 69.7 50.9 72.0
South 74.2% 19.1% 66.5% 46.2% 56.7% 29.4% 22.6% 31.8% 35.7%
Alabama 68.8 33.0 52.0 38.6 57.4 13.8 26.9 21.6 14.4
Arkansas 62.5 4.2 62.9 23.7 38.2 19.2 12.3 22.8 20.1
District of Columbia 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Florida 94.5 26.2 78.0 73.1 90.5 44.6 32.3 45.6 68.2
Georgia 66.4 23.2 71.2 39.8 59.0 23.1 13.7 28.3 28.6
Kentucky 72.7 31.1 61.7 37.4 42.3 26.7 24.8 25.8 37.5
Louisiana 64.9 51.0 48.9 25.3 51.3 18.0 20.8 24.3 26.1
Maryland 92.9 39.9 80.6 98.6 78.4 55.7 27.2 72.1 97.3
Mississippi 42.3 30.5 22.8 43.3 26.3 1.8 3.6 8.1 7.7
North Carolina 81.7 5.3 63.6 44.4 57.2 12.7 11.6 32.3 27.4
Oklahoma 70.4 4.0 51.2 22.8 30.5 10.3 24.4 31.6 28.9
South Carolina 71.5 13.0 71.8 26.5 36.8 19.9 7.9 55.4 31.4
Tennessee 69.8 25.7 67.2 56.6 55.9 36.3 34.3 21.2 44.6
Texas 69.7 0.2 68.9 45.7 57.0 37.1 24.2 31.3 27.1
Virginia 90.6 13.7 78.9 48.6 52.1 23.9 22.8 41.2 38.6
West Virginia 100 97.2 100 0 0 100 0 0 97.0
Continued on next page
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 20
APPENDIX TABLE 3 (continued)
Percent of admissions, conned inmates, and releases in local jail jurisdictions that screened or treated for opioid use
disorder, by screening or treatment practice, region, and state, 2019
Region/state
Percent of annual
admissions in jail
jurisdictions that—
Percent of conned inmates at midyear 2019
in jail jurisdictions that—
Percent of annual releases
in jail jurisdictions that—
Screened
for OUD
Conducted
routine
urinalysis test
for opioids
Provided
medications
for opioid
withdrawal
Provided
overdose
education
Initiated
behavioral/
psychological
treatment
Continued
MAT
Initiated
MAT
Provided
overdose
reversal
medications
Provided
community
link to MAT
West 83.3% 24.5% 74.5% 69.3% 66.8% 59.5% 52.6% 54.8% 70.6%
Alaska 26.2 17.6 10.5 7.9 10.5 10.5 0 6.7 0
Arizona 95.7 0 96.0 88.6 90.7 79.2 70.8 68.5 94.9
California 86.5 24.1 66.9 75.2 67.8 48.0 50.5 47.4 64.4
Colorado 91.8 30.8 79.8 92.3 86.5 66.0 72.9 75.4 85.0
Idaho 39.2 0.2 81.7 29.4 40.8 63.4 40.3 15.7 42.2
Montana 36.5 0.3 77.1 30.9 31.4 29.7 13.2 17.2 9.6
Nevada 83.8 36.0 96.0 68.9 92.8 93.3 68.3 90.6 84.7
New Mexico 73.3 33.8 65.1 72.1 46.0 27.0 28.7 61.2 67.4
Oregon 79.8 19.3 77.1 44.4 28.2 51.8 29.5 59.9 54.7
Utah 89.2 16.5 33.3 53.6 73.2 57.1 26.8 75.2 57.9
Washington 92.9 48.0 96.6 44.3 46.9 94.8 66.6 38.4 93.1
Wyoming 38.2 5.5 70.8 1.7 25.6 28.1 22.8 7.8 17.7
Note: OUD denotes opioid use disorder. MAT denotes medication-assisted treatment. See Terms and denitions for details on jail regions and screening
and treatment practices. Excludes the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15
locally operated jails in Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response rates.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 21
APPENDIX TABLE 4
Percent of local jail jurisdictions that screened or treated for opioid use disorder, by screening or treatment practice,
region, and state, midyear 2019
Region/state
Practice at intake Practice in custody Practice upon release
Screened
for OUD
Conducted
routine
urinalysis test
for opioids
Provided
medications
for opioid
withdrawal
Provided
overdose
education
Initiated
behavioral/
psychological
treatment
Continued
MAT
Initiated
MAT
Provided
overdose
reversal
medications
Provided
community
link to MAT
U.S. total 63.2% 17.6% 53.7% 29.3% 40.8% 23.5% 19.2% 25.2% 27.9%
Northeast 86.3% 33.5% 82.3% 69.2% 82.1% 51.4% 43.6% 45.0% 70.6%
Maine 72.6 22.6 100 80.2 100 80.2 52.8 34.9 77.4
Massachusetts 90.9 45.5 81.8 81.8 72.7 54.5 63.6 63.6 81.8
New Hampshire 100 80.0 90.0 70.0 90.0 70.0 50.0 50.0 80.0
New Jersey 100 40.0 100 80.0 85.7 92.9 85.7 54.3 67.1
New York 84.6 22.4 80.3 69.9 78.5 43.1 33.5 43.3 80.6
Pennsylvania 83.9 33.9 74.2 60.7 80.6 37.1 33.9 41.9 58.1
Midwest 59.5% 13.9% 55.3% 25.4% 37.4% 24.4% 20.8% 25.7% 28.3%
Illinois 61.0 5.8 64.3 32.1 37.7 33.3 28.6 36.7 37.7
Indiana 61.1 8.5 54.3 27.4 48.2 15.3 14.1 27.8 29.6
Iowa 29.6 2.3 40.8 7.6 31.9 20.8 13.1 18.7 17.6
Kansas 52.0 4.7 46.0 12.7 24.9 16.3 12.6 13.9 6.8
Michigan 85.3 17.8 69.7 35.8 50.9 29.0 24.7 22.7 39.8
Minnesota 53.3 49.3 56.0 34.0 42.4 28.8 19.3 36.7 31.5
Missouri 67.4 14.9 58.0 22.8 30.7 17.9 15.9 21.9 19.8
Nebraska 57.2 10.8 46.2 12.4 30.2 24.7 19.4 19.5 8.7
North Dakota 63.2 15.8 26.3 5.3 15.8 21.1 15.8 57.9 21.1
Ohio 69.1 8.0 53.0 40.0 42.9 27.9 30.1 19.1 48.0
South Dakota 45.0 16.1 50.3 8.0 16.1 8.0 4.0 38.2 4.0
Wisconsin 62.3 27.0 78.3 35.7 47.9 41.7 38.7 34.2 47.7
South 61.1% 18.6% 47.0% 24.5% 36.4% 16.0% 12.8% 20.1% 18.8%
Alabama 52.1 20.0 31.1 16.9 25.4 7.5 7.4 14.4 7.7
Arkansas 49.5 9.3 38.9 8.8 24.2 21.5 13.4 9.9 7.3
District of Columbia 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Florida 80.4 18.0 55.7 57.4 70.5 26.2 21.3 27.8 44.4
Georgia 60.8 16.6 51.8 23.9 42.8 14.7 14.4 20.3 16.8
Kentucky 70.0 42.3 58.0 34.8 38.5 11.9 13.4 33.2 22.8
Louisiana 57.0 44.3 34.4 21.6 33.1 10.8 9.7 11.2 9.8
Maryland 95.8 52.1 68.8 95.8 91.6 41.8 25.1 56.3 91.6
Mississippi 34.4 24.4 23.4 18.5 21.2 4.9 6.4 6.4 10.1
North Carolina 78.2 1.1 57.9 27.0 44.2 10.6 10.8 24.2 24.0
Oklahoma 57.2 6.9 35.2 10.4 17.0 10.1 10.3 15.1 4.5
South Carolina 65.5 14.0 67.4 30.3 46.2 18.6 15.9 44.6 30.6
Tennessee 60.5 39.9 54.1 31.9 37.4 17.2 16.2 27.3 29.2
Texas 52.5 0.5 44.3 11.3 29.6 19.4 13.2 13.5 8.9
Virginia 89.9 13.0 69.8 48.2 61.2 20.1 14.5 31.7 31.7
West Virginia 100 90.9 90.9 0 0 90.9 0 0 90.9
Continued on next page
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 22
APPENDIX TABLE 4 (continued)
Percent of local jail jurisdictions that screened or treated for opioid use disorder, by screening or treatment practice,
region, and state, midyear 2019
Region/state
Practice at intake Practice in custody Practice upon release
Screened
for OUD
Conducted
routine
urinalysis test
for opioids
Provided
medications
for opioid
withdrawal
Provided
overdose
education
Initiated
behavioral/
psychological
treatment
Continued
MAT
Initiated
MAT
Provided
overdose
reversal
medications
Provided
community
link to MAT
West 68.8% 16.2% 58.9% 36.9% 45.3% 33.4% 25.5% 31.5% 37.5%
Alaska 46.2 23.1 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 0 15.4 0
Arizona 72.5 0 60.0 50.0 70.0 22.5 30.0 47.5 70.0
California 79.1 21.5 66.5 58.3 61.3 32.3 33.9 41.1 49.8
Colorado 74.5 16.4 52.7 52.7 69.1 23.6 25.5 38.2 47.3
Idaho 56.0 3.5 70.2 18.4 30.5 29.1 14.2 8.5 11.4
Montana 39.0 3.1 42.0 22.3 19.2 26.5 16.1 13.6 13.0
Nevada 49.5 10.8 62.2 27.9 44.1 51.4 27.9 37.8 39.7
New Mexico 67.6 22.7 38.2 61.0 41.4 6.0 9.6 57.9 37.8
Oregon 75.0 8.3 61.1 19.4 30.6 30.6 11.1 33.3 33.3
Utah 87.5 37.5 62.5 29.2 54.2 45.8 37.5 41.7 25.0
Washington 80.4 25.1 78.2 39.2 51.1 70.3 52.3 25.1 68.1
Wyoming 64.1 9.9 68.0 4.4 22.6 31.4 17.7 9.4 8.8
Note: OUD denotes opioid use disorder. MAT denotes medication-assisted treatment. See Terms and denitions for details on jail regions and screening
and treatment practices. Excludes the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15
locally operated jails in Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response rates.
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 23
APPENDIX TABLE 5
Percentages for maps 5 and 6: Percent of local jail admissions in June 2019 treated for opioid withdrawal and conned
inmates at midyear 2019 receiving medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder, by state
Region/state
Admissions in June 2019
a
Conned inmates at midyear 2019
Number
Percent treated for
opioid withdrawal
b
Number Percent receiving MAT
c
U.S. total 894,030 4.8% 734,470 0.86%
Northeast 53,340 16.2% 73,570 2.85%
Maine 2,580 7.1 1,620 2.17
Massachusetts 4,780 12.1 9,260 1.05
New Hampshire 2,630 23.5 1,400 0.50
New Jersey 10,460 17.7 9,550 4.08
New York 13,830 12.0 20,450 3.00
Pennsylvania 19,060 17.8 31,300 2.97
Midwest 208,880 4.1% 125,330 0.97%
Illinois 21,560 3.6 16,490 1.55
Indiana 23,350 6.0 20,430 0.22
Iowa 11,270 1.2 5,020 0.87
Kansas 20,630 0.5 8,080
0.07
Michigan 24,110 3.5 15,880 0.46
Minnesota 17,010 3.0 6,840 1.40
Missouri 20,310 5.8 11,580 1.20
Nebraska 5,920 0.5 4,200 0.14
North Dakota 6,420 0.9 1,470 0.99
Ohio 33,040 8.4 20,580 1.14
South Dakota 5,750 0.1 2,010 0.20
Wisconsin 19,520 4.3 12,750 2.59
South 434,230 3.9% 386,770 0.42%
Alabama 23,910 1.7 16,450 0.64
Arkansas 15,170 3.0 9,400 0.55
District of Columbia 970 5.9 1,820 1.43
Florida 54,560 6.1 56,660 0.30
Georgia 50,740 3.6 44,810 0.54
Kentucky 22,810 7.0 26,
190 0.48
Louisiana 20,540 3.4 32,560 0.44
Maryland 6,400 12.0 8,590 2.29
Mississippi 13,300 2.8 14,340 0.04
North Carolina 35,760 5.6 20,360 0.46
Oklahoma 17,660 1.8 10,630 0.23
South Carolina 15,850 2.5 11,470 0.15
Tennessee 34,650 3.9 31,240 0.19
Texas 94,850 1.9 68,770 0.28
Virginia 22,950 6.4 28,380 0.51
West Virginia 4,110 / 5,110 0
Continued on next page
OPIOID USE DISORDER SCREENING AND TREATMENT IN LOCAL JAILS, 2019 | APRIL 2023 24
APPENDIX TABLE 5 continued
Percentages for maps 5 and 6: Percent of local jail admissions in June 2019 treated for opioid withdrawal and conned
inmates at midyear 2019 receiving medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder, by state
Region/state
Admissions in June 2019
a
Conned inmates at midyear 2019
Number
Percent treated for
opioid withdrawal
b
Number Percent receiving MAT
c
West 197,570 4.3% 148,800 1.12%
Alaska 420 0 50 0
Arizona 15,710 1.9 13,540 0.99
California 76,320 1.9 75,060 0.18
Colorado 19,150 2.9 13,000 2.64
Idaho 9,430 0.2 4,250 0.11
Montana 3,490 1.7 2,510 0.24
Nevada 16,080 3.3 7,220 0.84
New Mexico 9,900 9.2 6,550 4.93
Oregon 14,480 4.6 6,040 0.54
Utah 8,560 1.0 7,300 0.54
Washington 21,370 18.0 11,710 3.65
Wyoming 2,660 0.2 1,570 0.32
Note: MAT denotes medication-assisted treatment. See Terms and denitions for details on jail regions and treatment practices. Counts are rounded to
the nearest 10. Excludes the combined jail and prison systems in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Includes 15 locally
operated jails in Alaska. See appendix table 1 for item response rates.
/Not reported due to insucient data. Ten of 11 jurisdictions did not specify the number of admissions treated for opioid withdrawal.
a
Data are based on admissions from June 1 to June 30, 2019. Persons admitted more than once may be counted multiple times. When June 2019
admissions were not provided, BJS calculated them by dividing annual admissions by 365 and multiplying by 30.
b
Persons admitted more than once may be counted multiple times among those treated.
c
Includes inmates for whom jail jurisdictions continued or initiated MAT.
e Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the
principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal
victimization, criminal oenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime,
and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state,
tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable
statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports
improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and
participates with national and international organizations to develop and
recommend national standards for justice statistics. Alexis R. Piquero, PhD,
is the director.
is report was written by Laura M. Maruschak, Todd D. Minton, and
Zhen Zeng, PhD. E. Ann Carson, Stephanie Mueller, and Emily D. Buehler
veried the report.
Edrienne Su edited the report. Pei Miller and Jerey Link produced the report.
April 2023, NCJ 305179
NCJ 305179
Oce of Justice Programs
Building Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice
www.ojp.gov
