Start I Treaty

START I TREATY

TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF

AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET

REPUBLICS ON FURTHER REDUCTION AND

LIMITATION OF STRATEGIC OFFENSIVE ARMS

(START I)

The United States of America and the Union of

Soviet Socialist Republics, hereinafter referred to as

the Parties,

CONSCIOUS that nuclear war would have

devastating consequences for all humanity, that it

cannot be won and must never be fought,

CONVINCED that the measures for the reduction

and limitation of strategic offensive arms and the

other obligations set forth in this Treaty will help to

reduce the risk of outbreak of nuclear war and

strengthen international peace and security,

RECOGNIZING that the interests of the Parties and

the interests of international security require the

strengthening of strategic stability,

MINDFUL of their undertakings with regard to

strategic offensive arms in Article VI of the Treaty on

the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of July 1,

1968; Article XI of the Treaty on the Limitation of

Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems of May 26, 1972; and

the Washington Summit Joint Statement of June 1,

1990,

HAVE AGREED as follows:

ARTICLE I

Each Party shall reduce and limit its strategic

offensive arms in accordance with the provisions of

this Treaty, and shall carry out the other obligations

set forth in this Treaty and its Annexes, Protocols,

and Memorandum of Understanding.

ARTICLE II

1. Each Party shall reduce and limit its ICBMs and

ICBM launchers, SLBMs and SLBM laun

chers,

heavy bom

bers, ICBM warheads, SLBM warheads

and

heavy bomber armaments, so that seven y

ears

after en

try into force of this Treaty and thereafter, th

aggregate numbers, as counted in accordance with

Article III of this Treaty, do not exceed:

(a)

1600, for deployed ICBMs and their asso

ciated

launc

hers, deployed SLBMs and their asso

ciated

aunchers, and deployed heavy bombers, including

154 for deployed heavy ICBMs and their as

sociated

aunchers;

) 60

00, for warheads attributed to deployed ICBM

depl

oyed SLBMs, and deployed heavy bombers

ncluding:

) 49

00, for warheads attributed to deployed ICBM

and

deployed SLBMs;

(ii) 1100, for warheads attributed to deployed ICBMs

on mobile launchers of ICBMs;

(iii) 15

40, for warheads attributed to deployed heav

ICBMs.

. Each Party shall implement the reductions

pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article in three phases,

so that its strategic offensive arms do not ex

ceed:

(a)

by the end of the first phase, that is, no later than

36 months after entry into force of this Treaty, and

thereafter, the following aggregate numb

ers:

(i) 21

00, for deployed ICBMs and their asso

ciated

launchers, deployed SLBMs and their associated

launchers, and deployed heavy bombers;

(ii

) 9

150, for warheads attributed to deployed ICBM

depl

oyed SLBMs, and deployed heavy bombers;

(iii) 80

50, for warheads attributed to deployed

ICBMs and deployed SLBMs;

(b)

by the end of the second phase, that is, no

later

than

60 months after entry into force of

this Treaty,

d thereafter, the following aggregate number

(i) 19

00, for deployed ICBMs and their asso

ciated

launc

hers, deployed SLBMs and their asso

ciated

aunchers, and deployed heavy bombers;

(ii) 7950, for warheads attributed to deployed ICBMs,

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deployed SLBMs, and deployed heavy bombers;

(iii) 6750, for warheads attributed to deployed

ICBMs and deployed SLBMs;

84 months after entry into force of this Treaty: the

aggregate numbers provided for in paragraph 1 of

this Article.

3. Each Party shall limit the aggregate throw-weight

of its deployed ICBMs and deployed SLBMs so that

seven years after entry into force of this Treaty and

thereafter such aggregate throw-weight does not

exceed 3600 metric tons.

ARTICLE III

1. For the purposes of counting toward the maximum

aggregate limits provided for in subparagraphs 1(a),

2(a)(i), and 2(b)(i) of Article II of this Treaty:

(a) Each deployed ICBM and its associated launcher

shall be counted as one unit; each deployed SLBM

and its associated launcher shall be counted as one

unit.

(b) Each deployed heavy bomber shall be counted as

one unit.

For the purposes of counting deployed ICBMs

and their associated launchers and deployed SLBMs

and their associated launchers:

(a) Each deployed launcher of ICBMs and each

deployed launcher of SLBMs shall be considered to

contain one deployed ICBM or one deployed SLBM,

respectively.

(b) If a deployed ICBM has been removed from its

launcher and another missile has not been installed in

that launcher, such an ICBM removed from its

launcher and located at that ICBM base shall

continue to be considered to be contained in that

launcher.

launcher and another missile has not been installed in

that launcher, such an SLBM removed from its

launcher shall be considered to be contained in that

launcher. Such an SLBM removed from its launcher

shall be located only at a facility at which non-

deployed SLBMs may be located pursuant to

subparagraph 9(a) of Article IV of this Treaty or be

in movement to such a facility.

3. For the purposes of th

is Treaty, including counting

ICBMs and SLBMs:

(a) For ICBMs or SLBMs that are maintained, stored,

and transported in stages, the first stage of an ICBM

or SLBM of a particular type shall be considered to

be an ICBM or SLBM of that type.

(b) For ICBMs or SLBMs that are maintained, stored,

and transported as assembled missiles without launch

canisters, an assembled missile of a particular type

shall be considered to be an ICBM or SLBM of that

type.

transported as assembled missiles in launch canisters,

an assembled missile of a particular type, in its

launch canister, shall be considered to be an ICBM of

that type.

(d) Each launch canister shall be considered to

contain an ICBM from the time it first leaves a

facility at which an ICBM is installed in it until an

ICBM has been launched from it or until an ICBM

has been removed from it for elimination. A launch

canister shall not be considered to contain an ICBM

if it contains a training model of a missile or has been

placed on static display. Launch canisters for ICBMs

of a particular type shall be distinguishable from

launch canisters for ICBMs of a different type.

4. For th

e purposes of counting warheads:

(a) The

number of warheads attributed to an ICBM

or SLBM of each existing type shall be the number

specified in the Memorandum of Understanding on

the Establishment of the Data Base Relating to this

Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the Memorandum of

Understanding.

(b) The number of warheads that will be attributed to

an ICBM or SLBM of a new type shall be the

maximum number of reentry vehicles with which an

ICBM or SLBM of that type has been flight-tested.

The number of warheads that will be attributed to an

ICBM or SLBM of a new type with a front section of

an existing design with multiple reentry vehicles, or

to an ICBM or SLBM of a new type with one reentry

vehicle, shall be no less than the nearest integer that

is smaller than the result of dividing 40 percent of the

accountable throw-weight of the ICBM or SLBM by

the weight of the lightest reentry vehicle flight-tested

on an ICBM or SLBM of that type. In the case of an

ICBM or SLBM of a new type with a front section of

a fundamentally new design, the question of the

applicability of the 40-percent rule to such an ICBM

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r SLBM shall be subject to agreement within the

framework of the Joint Compliance and Inspection

Commission. Until agreement has been reached

regarding the rule that will apply to such an ICBM or

SLBM, the number of warheads that will be

attributed to such an ICBM or SLBM shall be the

maximum number of reentry vehicles with which an

ICBM or SLBM of that type has been flight-tested.

The number of new types of ICBMs or SLBMs with

a front section of a fundamentally new design shall

not exceed two for each Party as long as this Treaty

remains in force.

ICBM or SLBM has been flight-tested shall be

considered to be the sum of the number of reentry

vehicles actually released during the flight test, plus

the number of procedures for dispensing reentry

vehicles performed during that same flight test when

no reentry vehicle was released. A procedure for

dispensing penetration aids shall not be considered to

be a procedure for dispensing reentry vehicles,

provided that the procedure for dispensing

penetration aids differs from a procedure for

dispensing reentry vehicles.

(d) Each reentry vehicle of an ICBM or SLBM shall

be considered to be one warhead.

(e) For the United States of America, each heavy

bomber equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs, up

to a total of 150 such heavy bombers, shall be

attributed with ten warheads. Each heavy bomber

equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs in excess of

150 such heavy bombers shall be attributed with a

number of warheads equal to the number of long-

range nuclear ALCMs for which it is actually

equipped. The United States of America shall specify

the heavy bombers equipped for long-range nuclear

ALCMs that are in excess of 150 such heavy

bombers by number, type, variant, and the air bases

at which they are based. The number of long-range

nuclear ALCMs for which each heavy bomber

equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs in excess of

150 such heavy bombers is considered to be actually

equipped shall be the maximum number of long-

range nuclear ALCMs for which a heavy bomber of

the same type and variant is actually equipped.

(f) For the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, each

heavy bomber equipped for long-range nuclear

ALCMs, up to a total of 180 such heavy bombers,

shall be attributed with eight warheads. Each heavy

bomber equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs in

excess of 180 such heavy bombers shall be attributed

with a number of warheads equal to the number of

long-range nuclear ALCMs for which it is actually

equipped. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

shall specify the heavy bombers equipped for long-

range nuclear ALCMs that are in excess of 180 such

heavy bombers by number, type, variant, and the air

bases at which they are based. The number of long-

range nuclear ALCMs for which each heavy bomber

equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs in excess of

180 such heavy bombers is considered to be actually

equipped shall be the maximum number of long-

range nuclear ALCMs for which a heavy bomber of

the same type and variant is actually equipped.

(g) Each heavy bomber equipped for nuclear

armaments other than long-range nuclear ALCMs

shall be attributed with one warhead. All heavy

bombers not equipped for long-range nuclear

ALCMs shall be considered to be heavy bombers

equipped for nuclear armaments other than long-

range nuclear ALCMs, with the exception of heavy

bombers equipped for non-nuclear armaments, test

heavy bombers, and training heavy bombers.

5. Each Party shall have the right to reduce the

number of warheads attributed to ICBMs and SLBMs

only of existing types, up to an aggregate number of

1250 at any one time.

(a) Such aggregate number shall consist of the

following:

(i) for th

e United States of America, the reduction in

the number of warheads attributed to the type of

ICBM designated by the United States of America as,

and known to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

as, Minuteman III, plus the reduction in the number

of warheads attributed to ICBMs and SLBMs of no

more than two other existing types;

(ii) for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,

four multiplied by the number of deployed SLBMs

designated by the Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics as RSM-50, which is known to the United

States of America as SS-N-18, plus the reduction in

the number of warheads attributed to ICBMs and

SLBMs of no more than two other existing types.

(b) Reductions in the number of warheads attributed

to Minuteman III ICBMs shall be carried out subject

to the following:

(i) Minuteman III ICBMs to which different numbers

of warheads are attributed shall not be deployed at

the same ICBM base.

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(ii) Any such reductions shall be carried out no later

than seven years after entry into force of this Treaty.

(iii) The reentry vehicle platform of each

Minuteman III ICBM to which a reduced number of

warheads is attributed shall be destroyed and replaced

by a new reentry vehicle platform.

to ICBMs and SLBMs of types other than

Minuteman

III shall be carried out subject to the following:

(i) Such reductions shall not exceed 500 warheads at

any one time for each Party.

(ii) After a Party has reduced the number of

warheads attributed to ICBMs or SLBMs of two

existing types, that

Party shall not have the right to

reduce the number of warheads attributed to ICBMs

or SLBMs of any additional type.

(iii) The number of warheads attributed to an ICBM

or SLBM shall be reduced by no more than four

below the number attributed as of the date of

signature of this Treaty.

(iv) ICBMs of the same type, but to which different

numbers of warheads are attributed, shall not be

deployed at the same ICBM base.

(v)SLBMs of the same type, but to which different

numbers of warheads are attributed, shall not be

deployed on submarines based at submarine bases

adjacent to the waters of the same ocean.

(vi) If the number of warheads attributed to an

ICBM or SLBM of a particular type is reduced by

more than two, the reentry vehicle platform of each

ICBM or SLBM to which such a reduced number of

warheads is attributed shall be destroyed and replaced

by a new reentry vehicle platform.

(d) A Party shall not have the right to attribute to

ICBMs of a new type a number of warheads greater

than the smallest number of warheads attributed to

any ICBM to which that Party has attributed a

reduced number of warheads pursuant to

subparagraph (c) of this paragraph. A Party shall not

have the right to attribute to SLBMs of a new type a

number of warheads greater than the smallest number

of warheads attributed to any SLBM to which that

Party has attributed a reduced number of warheads

pursuant to subparagraph (c) of this paragraph.

6. Newly constructed strategic offensive arms shall

begin to be subject to the limitations provided for in

this Treaty as follows:

(a) an ICBM, when it first leaves a production facility;

(b) a mobile launcher of ICBMs, when it first leaves a

production facility for mobile launchers of ICBMs;

launcher has been completed and the pouring of

concrete for the silo has been completed, or 12 months

after the excavation begins, whichever occurs earlier;

(d) for the purpose of counting a deployed ICBM and

its associated launcher, a silo launcher of ICBMs shall

be considered to contain a deployed ICBM when

excavation for that launcher has been completed and

the pouring of concrete for the silo has been

completed, or 12 months after the excavation begins,

whichever occurs earlier, and a mobile launcher of

ICBMs shall be considered to contain a deployed

ICBM when it arrives at a maintenance facility, except

for the non-deployed mobile launchers of ICBMs

provided for in subparagraph 2(b) of Article IV of this

Treaty, or when it leaves an ICBM loading facility;

(e) an SLBM, when it first leaves a production facility;

(f) an SLBM launcher, when the submarine on which

that launcher is installed is first launched;

(g) for the purpose of counting a deployed SLBM and

its associated launcher, an SLBM launcher shall be

considered to contain a deployed SLBM when the

submarine on which that launcher is installed is first

launched;

(h) a heavy bomber or former heavy bomber, when its

airframe is first brought out of the shop, plant, or

building in which components of a heavy bomber or

former heavy bomber are assembled to produce

complete airframes; or when its airframe is first

brought out of the shop, plant, or building in which

existing bomber airframes are converted to heavy

bomber or former heavy bomber airframes.

7. ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers that have

been converted to launch an ICBM or SLBM,

respectively,

of a different type shall not be capable of

launching an ICBM or SLBM of the previous type.

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Such converted launchers shall be considered to be

launchers of ICBMs or SLBMs of that different type

as follows:

(a) a silo launcher of ICBMs, when an ICBM of a

different type or a training model of a missile of a

different type is first installed in that launcher, or

when the silo door is reinstalled, whichever occurs

first;

(b) a mobile launcher of ICBMs, as agreed within the

framework of the Joint Compliance and Inspection

Commission;

submarine on which that launcher is installed have

been converted to launch an SLBM of that different

type and that submarine begins sea trials, that is,

when that submarine first operates under its own

power away from the harbor or port in which the

conversion of launchers was performed.

8. Heavy bombers that have been converted into

heavy bombers of a different category or into former

heavy bombers shall be considered to be heavy

bombers of that different category or former heavy

bombers as follows:

(a) a heavy bomber equipped for nuclear armaments

other than long-range nuclear ALCMs converted into

a heavy bomber equipped for long-range nuclear

ALCMs, when it is first brought out of the shop,

plant, or building where it was equipped for long-

range nuclear ALCMs;

(b) a heavy bomber of one category converted into a

heavy bomber of another category provided for in

paragraph 9 of Section VI of the Protocol on

Procedures Governing the Conversion or Elimination

of the Items Subject to this Treaty, hereinafter

referred to as the Conversion or Elimination Protocol,

or into a former heavy bomber, when the inspection

conducted pursuant to paragraph 13 of Section VI of

the Conversion or Elimination Protocol is completed

or, if such an inspection is not conducted, when the

20-day period provided for in paragraph 13 of

Section VI of the Conversion or Elimination Protocol

expires.

9. For the purposes of this Treaty:

(a) A ballistic missile of a type developed and tested

solely to intercept and counter objects not located on

the surface of the Earth shall not be considered to be

a ballistic missile to which the limitations provided

for in this Treaty apply.

(b) If a

ballistic missile has been flight-tested or

deployed for weapon delivery, all ballistic missiles of

that type shall be considered to be weapon-delivery

vehicles.

deployed for weapon delivery, all cruise missiles of

that type shall be considered to be weapon-delivery

vehicles.

(d) If a launcher, other than a soft-site launcher, has

contained an ICBM or SLBM of a particular type, it

shall be considered to be a launcher of ICBMs or

SLBMs of that type. If a launcher, other than a soft-

site launcher, has been converted into a launcher of

ICBMs or SLBMs of a different type, it shall be

considered to be a launcher of ICBMs or SLBMs of

the type for which it has been converted.

(e) If a heavy bomber is equipped for long-range

nuclear ALCMs, all heavy bombers of that type shall

be considered to be equipped for long-range nuclear

ALCMs, except those that are not so equipped and are

distinguishable from heavy bombers of the same type

equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs. If long-

range nuclear ALCMs have not been flight-tested

from any heavy bomber of a particular type, no heavy

bomber of that type shall be considered to be equipped

for long-range nuclear ALCMs. Within the same type,

a heavy bomber equipped for long-range nuclear

ALCMs, a heavy bomber equipped for nuclear

armaments other than long-range nuclear ALCMs, a

heavy bomber equipped for non-nuclear armaments, a

training heavy bomber, and a former heavy bomber

shall be distinguishable from one another.

(f) Any long-range ALCM of a type, any one of which

has been initially flight-tested from a heavy bomber on

or before December 31, 1988, shall be considered to

be a long-range nuclear ALCM. Any long-range

ALCM of a type, any one of which has been initially

flight-tested from a heavy bomber after December 31,

1988, shall not be considered to be a long-range

nuclear ALCM if it is a long-range non-nuclear

ALCM and is distinguishable from long-range nuclear

ALCMs. Long-range non-nuclear ALCMs not so

distinguishable shall be considered to be long-range

clear ALCMs.

(g) Mobile launchers of ICBMs

of each new type of

ICBM shall be distinguishable from mobile launchers

of ICBMs of existing types of ICBMs and from

mobile launchers of ICBMs of other new types of

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ICBMs. Such new launchers, with their associated

missiles

installed, shall be distinguishable from mobile

launchers of ICBMs of existing types of ICBMs with

their associated missiles installed, and from mobile

launchers of ICBMs of other new types of ICBMs

with their associated missiles installed.

(h) Mobile launchers of ICBMs converted into

launchers of ICBMs of another type of ICBM shall be

distinguishable from mobile launchers of ICBMs of

the previous type of ICBM. Such converted launchers,

with their associated missiles installed, shall be

distinguishable from mobile launchers of ICBMs of

the previous type of ICBM with their associated

missiles installed. Conversion of mobile launchers of

ICBMs shall be carried out in accordance with

procedures to be agreed within the framework of the

Joint Compliance and Inspection Commission.

10. As of the date of signature of this Treaty:

(a) Existing types of ICBMs and SLBMs are:

(i) for the United States of America, the types of

missiles designated by the United States of

America as Minuteman II, Minuteman III,

Peacekeeper, Poseidon, Trident I, and Trident II,

which are known to the Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics as Minuteman II, Minuteman III, MX,

Poseidon, Trident I, and Trident II, respectively;

(ii) for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,

the types of missiles designated by the Union of

Soviet Socialist Republics as RS-10, RS-12,

RS-16, RS-20, RS-18, RS-22, RS-12M, RSM-25,

RSM-40, RSM-50, RSM-52, and RSM-54, which

are known to the United States of America as

SS-11, SS-13, SS-17, SS-18, SS-19, SS-24, SS-25,

SS-N-6, SS-N-8, SS-N-18, SS-N-20, and SS-N-23,

respectively.

(b) Existing types of ICBMs for mobile launchers of

ICBMs are:

(i) for the United States of America, the type of

missile designated by the United States of

America as Peacekeeper, which is known to the

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as MX;

(ii) for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,

the types of missiles designated by the Union of

Soviet Socialist Republics as RS-22 and RS-12M,

which are known to the United States of America

as SS-24 and SS-25, respectively.

of missiles designated by the United States of

America as, and known to the Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics as, Minuteman I and

Polaris A-3.

(d) Existing types of heavy bombers are:

(i) for the United States of America, the types of

bombers designated by the United States of

America as, and

known to the Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics as, B-52, B-1, and B-2;

(ii) for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,

the types of bombers designated by the Union of

Soviet Socialist Republics as Tu-95 and Tu-160,

which are known to the United States of America

as Bear and Blackjack, respectively.

(e) Existing types of long-range nuclear ALCMs are:

(i) for the United States of America, the types of

long-range nuclear ALCMs d

esignated by the

United States of America as, and known to the

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as, AGM-86B

and AGM-129;

(ii) for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,

the types of long-range nuclear ALCMs designated

by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as

RKV-500A and RKV-500B, which are known to

the United States of America as AS-15 A and

AS-15 B, respectively.

ARTICLE IV

1. For ICBMs and SLBMs:

(a) Each Party shall limit the aggregate number of

non-deployed ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs

to no more than 250. Within this limit, the number of

non-deployed ICBMs for rail-mobile launchers of

ICBMs shall not exceed 125.

(b) Each Party shall limit the number of non-

deployed ICBMs at a maintenance facility of an

ICBM base for mobile launchers of ICBMs to no

more than two ICBMs of each type specified for that

ICBM base. Non-deployed ICBMs for mobile

launchers of ICBMs located at a maintenance facility

shall be stored separately from non-deployed mobile

launchers of ICBMs located at that maintenance

facility.

deployed ICBMs and sets of ICBM emplacement

equipment at an ICBM base for silo launchers of

ICBMs to no more than:

(i) two ICBMs of each type specified for that ICBM

base and six sets of ICBM emplacement equipment

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for each type of ICBM specified for that ICBM base;

(ii) four ICBMs of each type specified for that ICBM

base and two sets of ICBM emplacement equipment

for each type of ICBM specified for that ICBM base.

(d) Each Party shall limit the aggregate number of

ICBMs and SLBMs located at test ranges to no more

than 35 during the seven-year period after entry into

force of this Treaty. Thereafter, the aggregate number

of ICBMs and SLBMs located at test ranges shall not

exceed 25.

2. For ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers:

(a) Each Party shall limit the aggregate number of

non-deployed mobile launchers of ICBMs to no more

than 110. Within this limit, the number of non-

deployed rail-mobile launchers of ICBMs shall not

exceed 18.

(b) Each Party shall limit the number of non-

deployed mobile launchers of ICBMs located at the

maintenance facility of each ICBM base for mobile

launchers of ICBMs to no more than two such ICBM

launchers of each type of ICBM specified for that

ICBM base.

deployed mobile launchers of ICBMs located at

training facilities for ICBMs to no more than 40.

Each such launcher may contain only a training

model of a missile. Non-deployed mobile launchers

of ICBMs that contain training models of missiles

shall not be located outside a training facility.

(d) Each Party shall limit the aggregate number of

test launchers to no more than 45 during the seven-

year period after entry into force of this Treaty.

Within this limit, the number of fixed test launchers

shall not exceed 25, and the number of mobile test

launchers shall not exceed 20. Thereafter, the

aggregate number of test launchers shall not exceed

40. Within

this limit, the number of fixed test

launchers shall not exceed 20, and the number of

mobile test launchers shall not exceed 20.

(e) Each Party shall limit the aggregate number of

silo training launchers and mobile training launchers

to no more than 60. ICBMs shall not be launched

from training launchers. Each such launcher may

contain only a training model of a missile. Mobile

training launchers shall not be capable of launching

ICBMs, and shall differ from mobile launchers of

ICBMs and other road vehicles or railcars on the

basis of differences that are observable by national

technical means of

verification.

3. For heavy bombers and former heavy bombers:

(a) Each Party shall limit the aggregate number of

heavy bombers equipped for non-nuclear armaments,

former heavy

bombers, and training heavy bombers

to no more than 75.

(b) Each Party shall limit the number of test heavy

bombers to no more than 20.

4. For ICBMs and SLBMs used for delivering objects

into the upper atmosphere or space:

(a) Each Party shall limit the number of space launch

facilities to

no more than five, unless otherwise

agreed. Space launch facilities shall not overlap

ICBM bases.

(b) Each Party shall limit the aggregate number of

ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers located at

space launch facilities to no more than 20, unless

otherwise agreed. Within this limit, the aggregate

number of silo launchers of ICBMs and mobile

launchers of ICBMs located at space launch facilities

shall not exceed, unless otherwise agreed. (JCIC

Agreement No. 45, Article 1, of July 17, 2001 raised

the limit of silo launchers and moblile launchers of

ICBMs located at space launch facilities to 12. Within

this limit, the number of mobile launchers of ICBMs

located at space launch facilities shall not exceed ten.)

ICBMs and SLBMs located at a space launch facility

to no more than the number of ICBM launchers and

SLBM launchers located at that facility.

5. Each Party shall limit the number of transporter-

loaders for ICBMs for road-mobile launchers of

ICBMs located at each deployment area or test range

to no more than two for each type of ICBM for road-

mobile launchers of ICBMs that is attributed with one

warhead and that is specified for that deployment area

or test range, and shall limit the number of such

transporter-loaders located outside deployment areas

and test ranges to no more than six. The aggregate

number of transporter-loaders for ICBMs for road-

mobile launchers of ICBMs shall not exceed 30.

6. Each Party shall limit the number of ballistic

missile submarines in dry dock within five kilometers

of the boundary of each submarine base to no more

than two.

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. For static displays and ground trainers:

(a) Each Party shall limit the number of ICBM

launchers and SLBM launchers placed on static

display after signature of this Treaty to no more than

20, the number of ICBMs and SLBMs placed on

static display after signature of this Treaty to no more

than 20, the number of launch canisters placed on

static display after signature of this Treaty to no more

than 20, and the number of heavy bombers and

former heavy bombers placed on static display after

signature of this Treaty to no more than 20. Such

items placed on static display prior to signature of

this Treaty shall be specified in Annex I to the

Memorandum of Understanding, but shall not be

subject to the limitations provided for in this Treaty.

(b) Each Party shall limit the aggregate number of

heavy bombers converted after signature of this

Treaty for use as ground trainers and former heavy

bombers converted after signature of this Treaty for

use as ground trainers to no more than five. Such

items converted prior to signature of this Treaty for

use as ground trainers shall be specified in Annex I to

the Memorandum of Understanding, but shall not be

subject to the limitations provided for in this Treaty.

. Each Party shall limit the aggregate number of

storage facilities for ICBMs or SLBMs and repair

facilities for ICBMs or SLBMs to no more than 50.

9. With respect to locational and related restrictions

on strategic offensive arms:

(a) Each Party shall locate non-deployed ICBMs and

non-deployed SLBMs only at maintenance facilities

of ICBM bases; submarine bases; ICBM loading

facilities; SLBM loading facilities; production

facilities for ICBMs or SLBMs; repair facilities for

ICBMs or SLBMs; storage facilities for ICBMs or

SLBMs; conversion or elimination facilities for

ICBMs or SLBMs; test ranges; or space launch

facilities. Prototype ICBMs and prototype SLBMs,

however, shall not be located at maintenance

facilities of ICBM bases or at submarine bases. Non-

deployed ICBMs and non-deployed SLBMs may also

be in transit. Non-deployed ICBMs for silo launchers

of ICBMs may also be transferred within an ICBM

base for silo launchers of ICBMs. Non-deployed

SLBMs that are located on missile tenders and

storage cranes shall be considered to be located at the

submarine base at which such missile tenders and

storage cranes are specified as based.

(b) Each Party shall locate non-deployed mobile

launchers o

f ICBMs only at maintenance facilities of

ICBM bases for mobile launchers of ICBMs,

production facilities for

mobile launchers of ICBMs,

repair facilities for mobile launchers of ICBMs,

storage facilities for mobile launchers of ICBMs,

ICBM loading facilities, training facilities for ICBMs,

conversion

or elimination facilities for mobile

launchers of ICBMs, test ranges, or space launch

facilities. Mobile launchers of prototype ICBMs,

however, shall not be located

at maintenance

facilities of ICBM bases for mobile launchers of

ICBMs. Non-deployed mobile launchers of ICBMs

may also be in transit.

ranges, except that rail-mobile

test launchers may

conduct movements for the purpose o

f testing outside

a test range, provided that:

(i) each su

ch movement is completed no later than 30

days after it begins;

(ii) each such movement begins and ends at the

same test range and does not involve movement to any

other facility;

(iii) movements of no more than six rail-mobile

launchers of ICBMs are conducted in each calendar

year; and

(iv) no more than one train containing no more than

three rail-mobile test launchers is located outside test

ranges at any one time.

(d) A deployed mobile launcher of ICBMs and its

associated missile that relocates to a test range may,

at the discretion of the testing Party, either continue

to be counted toward the maximum aggregate limits

provided for in Article II of this Treaty, or be counted

as a mobile test launcher pursuant to paragraph 2(d)

of this Article. If a deployed mobile launcher of

ICBMs and its associated missile that relocates to a

test range continues to be counted toward the

maximum aggregate limits provided for in Article II

of this Treaty, the period of time during which it

continuously remains at a test range shall not exceed

45 days. The number of such deployed road-mobile

launchers of ICBMs and their associated missiles

located at a test range at any one time shall not

exceed three, and the number of such deployed rail-

mobile launchers of ICBMs and their associated

missiles located at a test range at any one time shall

not exceed three.

(e) Each Party shall locate silo training launchers

only at ICBM bases for silo launchers of ICBMs and

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training facilities for ICBMs. The number of silo

training launchers located at each ICBM base for silo

launchers of ICBMs shall not exceed one for each

type of ICBM specified for that ICBM base.

(f) Test heavy bombers shall be based only at heavy

bomber flight test centers and at production facilities

for heavy bombers. Training heavy bombers shall be

based only at training facilities for heavy bombers.

10. Each Party shall locate solid rocket motors for

first stages of ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs

only at locations where production and storage, or

testing of such motors occurs and at production

facilities for ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs.

Such solid rocket motors may also be moved between

these locations. Solid rocket motors with nozzles

attached for the first stages of ICBMs for mobile

launchers of ICBMs shall only be located at

production facilities for ICBMs for mobile launchers

of ICBMs and at locations where testing of such solid

rocket motors occurs. Locations where such solid

rocket motors are permitted shall be specified in

Annex I to the Memorandum of Understanding.

11. With respect to locational restrictions on

facilities:

(a) Each Party

shall locate production facilities for

ICBMs of a particular type, repair facilities for

ICBMs of a particular type, storage facilities for

ICBMs of a particular type, ICBM loading facilities

for ICBMs of a particular type, and conversion or

elimination facilities for ICBMs of a particular type

no less than 100 kilometers from any ICBM base for

silo launchers of ICBMs of that type of ICBM, any

ICBM base for rail-mobile launchers of ICBMs of

that type of ICBM, any deployment area for road-

mobile launchers of ICBMs of that type of ICBM,

any test range from which ICBMs of that type are

flight-tested, any production facility for mobile

launchers of ICBMs of that type of ICBM, any repair

facility for mobile launchers of ICBMs of that type of

ICBM, any storage facility for mobile launchers of

ICBMs of that type of ICBM, and any training

facility for ICBMs at which non-deployed mobile

launchers of ICBMs are located.

New facilities at which non-deployed ICBMs for silo

launchers of ICBMs of any type of ICBM may be

located, and new storage facilities for ICBM

emplacement equipment, shall be located no less than

100 kilometers from any ICBM base for silo

launchers of ICBMs, except that existing storage

facilities for intermediate-range missiles, located less

than 100 kilometers from an ICBM base for silo

launchers of ICBMs or from a test range, may be

conv

erted into storage facilities for ICBMs not

specified for that ICBM base or that test range.

(b) Each Party shall locate production facilities for

mobile launchers of ICBMs of a particular type of

ICBM, repair facilities for mobile launchers of

ICBMs of a particular type of ICBM, and storage

facilities for mobile launchers of ICBMs of a

particular type of ICBM no less than 100 kilometers

from any ICBM base for mobile launchers of ICBMs

of that type of ICBM and any test range from which

ICBMs of that type are flight-tested.

launch facilities no less than 100 kilometers from any

ICBM base for silo launchers of ICBMs, any ICBM

base for rail-mobile launchers of ICBMs, and any

deployment area.

(d) Each Party shall locate training facilities for

ICBMs no less than 100 kilometers from any test

range.

(e) Each Party shall locate storage areas for heavy

bomber nuclear armaments no less than 100

kilometers from any air base for heavy bombers

equipped for non-nuclear armaments and any training

facility for heavy bombers. Each Party shall locate

storage areas for long-range nuclear ALCMs no less

than 100 kilometers from any air base for heavy

bombers equipped for nuclear armaments other than

long-range nuclear ALCMs, any air base for heavy

bombers equipped for non-nuclear armaments, and

any training facility for heavy bombers.

. Each Party shall limit the duration of each transit

to no more than 30 days.

ARTICLE V

. Except as prohibited by the provisions of this

Treaty, modernization and replacement of strategic

offensive arms may be carried out.

2. Each Party undertakes not to:

(a) produce, flight-test, or deploy heavy ICBMs of a

new type, or increase the launch weight or throw-

weight of heavy ICBMs of an existing type;

(b) produce, flight-test, or deploy heavy SLBMs;

ICBMs;

(d) produce, test, or deploy additional silo launchers

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of heavy ICBMs, except fo

r silo launchers of heavy

ICBMs that replace silo launchers of heavy ICBMs

that have been eliminated in accordance with Section

II of the Conversion or Elimination Protocol,

provided that the limits provided for in Article II of

this Treaty are not exceeded;

(e) convert launchers that are not launchers

of heavy

ICBMs into launchers of heavy ICBMs;

(f) produce, test, or deploy launchers of heavy

SLBMs;

(g) reduce the number of warheads attributed to a

heavy ICBM of an existing type.

3. Each Party undertakes not to deploy ICBMs other

than in silo launchers of ICBMs, on road-mobile

launchers of ICBMs, or on rail-mobile launchers of

ICBMs. Each Party undertakes not to produce, test,

or deploy ICBM launchers other than silo launchers

of ICBMs, road-mobile launchers of ICBMs, or rail-

mobile launchers of ICBMs.

4. Each Party undertakes not to deploy on a mobile

launcher of ICBMs an ICBM of a type that was not

specified as a type of ICBM for mobile launchers of

ICBMs in accordance with paragraph 2 of Section

VII of the Protocol on Notifications Relating to this

Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the Notification

Protocol, unless it is an ICBM to which no more than

one warhead is attributed and the Parties have agreed

within the framework of the Joint Compliance and

Inspection Commission to permit deployment of such

ICBMs on mobile launchers of ICBMs. A new type

of ICBM for mobile launchers of ICBMs may cease

to be considered to be a type of ICBM for mobile

launchers of ICBMs if no ICBM of that type has been

contained on, or flight-tested from, a mobile launcher

of ICBMs.

5. Each Party undertakes not to deploy ICBM

launchers of a new type of ICBM and not to deploy

SLBM launchers of a new type of SLBM if such

launchers are capable of launching ICBMs or SLBMs,

respectively, of other types. ICBM launchers of

existing types of ICBMs and SLBM launchers of

existing types of SLBMs shall be incapable, without

conversion, of launching ICBMs or SLBMs,

respectively, of other types.

6. Each Party undertakes not to convert SLBMs into

ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs, or to load

SLBMs on, or launch SLBMs from, mobile launchers

of ICBMs.

7. Each Party undertakes not to produce, test, or

deploy transporter-loaders other than transporter-

loaders for ICBMs for road-mobile launchers of

ICBMs attributed with one warhead.

8. Each Party undertakes not to locate deployed silo

launchers of ICBMs outside ICBM bases for silo

launchers of ICBMs.

9. Each Party undertakes not to locate soft-site

launchers except at test ranges and space launch

facilities. All existing soft-site launchers not at test

ranges or space launch facilities shall be eliminated

in accordance with the procedures provided for in the

Conversion or Elimination Protocol no later than 60

days after entry into force of this Treaty.

10. Each Party undertakes not to:

(a) flight-test ICBMs or SLBMs of a retired or former

type from other than test launchers specified for such

use or launchers at space launch facilities. Except for

soft-site launchers, test launchers specified for such

use shall not be used to flight-test ICBMs or SLBMs

of a type, any one of which is deployed;

(b) produce ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs

of a retired type.

11. Each Party undertakes not to convert silos used as

launch control centers into silo launchers of ICBMs.

12. Each Party undertakes not to:

(a) produce, flight-test, or deploy an ICBM or SLBM

with more than ten reentry vehicles;

(b) flight-test an ICBM or SLBM with a number of

reentry vehicles greater than the number of warheads

attributed to it, or, for an ICBM or SLBM of a retired

type, with a number of reentry vehicles greater than

the largest number of warheads that was attributed to

any ICBM or SLBM of that type;

reentry vehicles greater than the number of warheads

attributed to it;

(d) increase the number of warheads attributed to an

ICBM or SLBM of an existing or new type.

13. Each Party undertakes not to flight-test or deploy

an ICBM or SLBM with a number of reentry vehicles

greater than the number of warheads attributed to it.

14. Each Party undertakes not to flight-test from

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space launch facilities ICBMs or SLBMs equipped

with reentry vehicles.

15. Each Party undertakes not to use ICBMs or

SLBMs for delivering objects into the upper

atmosphere or space for purposes inconsistent with

existing international obligations undertaken by the

Parties.

16. Each Party undertakes not to produce, test, or

deploy systems for rapid reload and not to conduct

rapid reload.

17. Each Party undertakes not to install SLBM

launchers on submarines that were not originally

constructed as ballistic missile submarines.

18. Each Party undertakes not to produce, test, or

deploy:

(a) ballistic missiles with a range in excess of 600

kilometers, or launchers of such missiles, for

installation on waterborne vehicles, including free-

floating launchers, other than submarines. This

obligation shall not require changes in current

ballistic missile storage, transport, loading, or

unloading practices;

(b) launchers of ballistic or cruise missiles for

emplacement on or for tethering to the ocean floor,

the seabed, or the beds of internal waters and inland

waters, or for emplacement in or for tethering to the

subsoil thereof, or mobile launchers of such missiles

that move only in contact with the ocean floor, the

seabed, or the beds of internal waters and inland

waters, or missiles for such launchers. This obligation

shall apply to all areas of the ocean floor and the

seabed, including the seabed zone referred to in

Articles I and II of the Treaty on the Prohibition of

the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other

Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the

Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof of February

11, 1971;

weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass

destruction into Earth orbit or a fraction of an Earth

orbit;

(d) air-to-surface ballistic missiles (ASBMs);

(e) long-range nuclear ALCMs armed with two or

more nuclear weapons.

19. Each Party undertakes not to:

(a) flight

-test with nuclear armaments an aircraft that

is not an airplane, but that has a range of 8000

kilometers or more; equip such an aircraft for nuclear

armaments; or deploy such an aircraft with nuclear

armaments;

(b) flight-test with nuclear armaments an airplane that

was not initially constructed as a bomber, but that has

a range of 8000 kilometers or more, or an integrated

platform area in excess of 310 square meters; equip

such an airplane for nuclear armaments; or deploy

such an airplane with nuclear armaments;

aircraft that is not an airplane, or an airplane that was

not initially constructed as a bomber; equip such an

aircraft or such an airplane for long-range nuclear

ALCMs; or deploy such an aircraft or such an

airplane with long-range nuclear ALCMs.

20. The United States of America undertakes not to

equip existing or future heavy bombers for more than

20 long-range nuclear ALCMs.

21. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

undertakes not to equip existing or future heavy

bombers for more than 16 long-range nuclear

ALCMs.

22. Each Party undertakes not to locate long-range

nuclear ALCMs at air bases for heavy bombers

equipped for nuclear armaments other than long-

range nuclear ALCMs, air bases for heavy bombers

equipped for non-nuclear armaments, air bases for

former heavy bombers, or training facilities for heavy

bombers.

23. Each Party undertakes not to base heavy bombers

equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs, heavy

bombers equipped for nuclear armaments other than

long-range nuclear ALCMs, or heavy bombers

equipped for non-nuclear armaments at air bases at

which heavy bombers of either of the other two

categories are based.

24. Each Party undertakes not to convert:

(a) heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments

other than long-range nuclear ALCMs into heavy

bombers equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs, if

such heavy bombers were previously equipped for

long-range nuclear ALCMs;

(b) heavy bombers equipped for non-nuclear

armaments into heavy bombers equipped for long-

range nuclear ALCMs or into heavy bombers

equipped for nuclear armaments other than long-

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range nuclear ALCMs;

heavy bombers into heavy bombers of

another category;

(d) former heavy bombers into heavy bombers.

25. Each Party undertakes not to have underground

facilities accessible to ballistic missile submarines.

26. Each Party undertakes not to locate railcars at the

site of a rail garrison that has been eliminated in

accordance with Section IX of the Conversion or

Elimination Protocol, unless such railcars have

differences, observable by national technical means

of verification, in length, width, or height from rail-

mobile launchers of ICBMs or launch-associated

railcars.

27. Each Party undertakes not to engage in any

activities associated with strategic offensive arms at

eliminated facilities, notification of the elimination of

which has been provided in accordance with

paragraph 3 of Section I of the Notification Protocol,

unless notification of a new facility at the same

location has been provided in accordance with

paragraph 3 of Section I of the Notification Protocol.

Strategic offensive arms and support equipment shall

not be located at eliminated facilities except during

their movement through such facilities and during

visits of heavy bombers or former heavy bombers at

such facilities. Missile tenders may be located at

eliminated facilities only for purposes not associated

with strategic offensive arms.

28. Each Party undertakes not to base strategic

offensive arms subject to the limitations of this

Treaty outside its national territory.

29. Each Party undertakes not to use naval vessels

that were formerly declared as missile tenders to

transport, store, or load SLBMs. Such naval vessels

shall not be tied to a ballistic missile submarine for

the purpose of supporting such a submarine if such a

submarine is located within five kilometers of a

submarine base.

30. Each Party undertakes not to remove from

production facilities for ICBMs for mobile launchers

of ICBMs, solid rocket motors with attached nozzles

for the first stages of ICBMs for mobile launchers of

ICBMs, except for:

(a) the removal of such motors as part of assembled

first stages of ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs

that are maintained, stored, and transported in stages;

(b) the removal of such motors as part of assembled

ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs that are

maintained, stored, and transported as assembled

missiles in launch canisters or without launch

canisters; and

first stages of ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs

that are maintained, stored, and transported as

assembled missiles in launch canisters or without

launch canisters, for the purpose of technical

characteristics exhibitions.

ARTICLE VI

1. Deployed road-mobile launchers of ICBMs and

their associated missiles shall be based only in

restricted areas. A restricted area shall not exceed

five square kilometers in size and shall not overlap

another restricted area. No more than ten deployed

road-mobile launchers of ICBMs and their associated

missiles may be based or located in a restricted area.

A restricted area shall not contain deployed ICBMs

for road-mobile launchers of ICBMs of more than

one type of ICBM.

2. Each Party shall limit the number of fixed

structures for road-mobile launchers of ICBMs

within each restricted area so that these structures

shall not be capable of containing more road-mobile

launchers of ICBMs than the number of road-mobile

launchers of ICBMs specified for that restricted area.

3. Each restricted area shall be located within a

deployment area. A deployment area shall not exceed

125,000 square kilometers in size and shall not

overlap another deployment area. A deployment area

shall contain no more than one ICBM base for road-

mobile launchers of ICBMs.

4. Deployed rail-mobile launchers of ICBMs and

their associated missiles shall be based only in rail

garrisons. Each Party shall have no more than seven

rail garrisons. No point on a portion of track located

inside a rail garrison shall be more than 20 kilometers

from any entrance/exit for that rail garrison. This

distance shall be measured along the tracks. A rail

garrison shall not overlap another rail garrison.

5. Each rail garrison shall have no more than two rail

entrances/exits. Each such entrance/exit shall have no

more than two separate sets of tracks passing through

it (a total of four rails).

6. Each Party shall limit the number of parking sites

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in each rail g

arrison to no more than the number of

trains of standard configuration specified for that rail

garrison. Each rail garrison shall have no more than

five parking sites.

7. Each Party shall limit the number of fixed

structures for rail-mobile launchers of ICBMs in each

rail garrison to no more than the number of trains of

standard configuration specified for that rail garrison.

Each such structure shall contain no more than one

train of standard configuration.

8. Each rail garrison shall contain no more than one

maintenance facility.

9. Deployed mobile launchers of ICBMs and their

associated missiles may leave restricted areas or rail

garrisons only for routine movements, relocations, or

dispersals. Deployed road-mobile launchers of

ICBMs and their associated missiles may leave

deployment areas only for relocations or operational

dispersals.

10. Relocations shall be completed within 25 days.

No more than 15 percent of the total number of

deployed road-mobile launchers of ICBMs and their

associated missiles or five such launchers and their

associated missiles, whichever is greater, may be

outside restricted areas at any one time for the

purpose of relocation. No more than 20 percent of the

total number of deployed rail-mobile launchers of

ICBMs and their associated missiles or five such

launchers and their associated missiles, whichever is

greater, may be outside rail garrisons at any one time

for the purpose of relocation.

11. No more than 50 percent of the total number of

deployed rail-mobile launchers of ICBMs and their

associated missiles may be engaged in routine

movements at any one time.

12. All trains with deployed rail-mobile launchers of

ICBMs and their associated missiles of a particular

type shall be of one standard configuration. All such

trains shall conform to that standard configuration

except those taking part in routine movements,

relocations, or dispersals, and except that portion of a

train remaining within a rail garrison after the other

portion of such a train has departed for the

maintenance facility associated with that rail garrison,

has been relocated to another facility, or has departed

the rail garrison for routine movement. Except for

dispersals, notification of variations from standard

configuration shall be provided in accordance with

paragraphs 13, 14, and 15 of Section II of the

Notification Protocol.

ARTICLE VII

1. Conversion and elimination of strategic offensive

arms, fixed structures for mobile launchers of ICBMs,

and facilities shall be carried out pursuant to this

Article and in accordance with procedures provided

for in the Conversion or Elimination Protocol.

Conversion and elimination shall be verified by

national technical means of verification and by

inspection as provided for in Articles IX and XI of

this Treaty; in the Conversion or Elimination

Protocol; and in the Protocol on Inspections and

Continuous Monitoring Activities Relating to this

Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the Inspection

Protocol.

2. ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs, ICBM

launchers, SLBM launchers, heavy bombers, former

heavy bombers, and support equipment shall be

subject to the limitations provided for in this Treaty

until they have been eliminated, or otherwise cease to

be subject to the limitations provided for in this

Treaty, in accordance with procedures provided for in

the Conversion or Elimination Protocol.

3. ICBMs for silo launchers of ICBMs and SLBMs

shall be subject to the limitations provided for in this

Treaty until they have been eliminated by rendering

them inoperable, precluding their use for their

original purpose, using procedures at the discretion of

the Party possessing the ICBMs or SLBMs.

4. The elimination of ICBMs for mobile launchers of

ICBMs, mobile launchers of ICBMs, SLBM

launchers, heavy bombers, and former heavy

bombers shall be carried out at conversion or

elimination facilities, except as provided for in

Sections VII and VIII of the Conversion or

Elimination Protocol. Fixed launchers of ICBMs and

fixed structures for mobile launchers of ICBMs

subject to elimination shall be eliminated in situ. A

launch canister remaining at a test range or ICBM

base after the flight test of an ICBM for mobile

launchers of ICBMs shall be eliminated in the open

in situ, or at a conversion or elimination facility, in

accordance with procedures provided for in the

Conversion or Elimination Protocol.

ARTICLE VIII

1. A data base pertaining to the obligations under this

Treaty

is set forth in the Memorandum of

Understanding, in which data with respect to items

subject to the limitations provided for in this Treaty are

listed according to categories of data.

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2. In order to ensure the fulfillment of its obligations

with respect to this Treaty, each Party shall notify the

other Party of changes in data, as provided for in

subparagraph 3(a) of this Article, and shall also

provide other notifications required by paragraph 3 of

this Article, in accordance with the procedures

provided for in paragraphs 4, 5, and 6 of this Article,

the Notification Protocol, and the Inspection

Protocol.

3. Each Party shall provide to the other Party, in

accordance with the Notification Protocol, and, for

subparagraph (i) of this paragraph, in accordance

with Section III of the Inspection Protocol:

(a) notifications concerning data with respect to

items

subject to the limitations provided for in this Treaty,

according to categories of data contained in the

Memorandum of Understanding and other agreed

categories of data;

(b) notifications concerning movement of items

subject to the limitations provided for in this Treaty;

throw-weight in connection with the Protocol on

ICBM and SLBM Throw-weight Relating to this

Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the Throw-weight

Protocol;

(d) notifications concerning conversion or elimination

of items subject to the limitations provided for in this

Treaty or elimination of facilities subject to this

Treaty;

(e) notifications concerning cooperative measures to

enhance the effectiveness of national technical means

of verification;

(f) notifications concerning flight tests of ICBMs or

SLBMs and notifications concerning telemetric

information;

(g) notifications concerning strategic offensive arms

of new types and new kinds;

(h) notifications concerning changes in the content of

information provided pursuant to this paragraph,

including the rescheduling of activities;

(i) notifications concerning inspections and

continuous monitoring activities; and

(j) notifications concerning operational dispersals.

. Each Party shall use the Nuclear Risk Reduction

Centers, which provide for continuous

communication between the Parties, to provide and

receive notifications in accordance with the

Notification Protocol and the Inspection Protocol,

unless otherwise provided for in this Treaty, and to

acknowledge receipt of such notifications no later

than one hour after receipt.

5. If a time is to be specified in a notification

provided pursuant to this Article, that time shall be

expressed in Greenwich Mean Time. If only a date is

to be specified in a notification, that date shall be

specified as the 24-hour period that corresponds to

the date in local time, expressed in Greenwich Mean

Time.

6. Except as otherwise provided in this Article, each

Party shall have the right to release to the public all

data current as of September 1, 1990, that are listed

in the Memorandum of Understanding, as well as the

photographs that are appended thereto. Geographic

coordinates and site diagrams that are received

pursuant to the Agreement Between the Government

of the United States of America and the Government

of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on

Exchange of Geographic Coordinates and Site

Diagrams Relating to the Treaty of July 31, 1991,

shall not be released to the public unless otherwise

agreed. The Parties shall hold consultations on

releasing to the public data and other information

provided pursuant to this Article or received

otherwise in fulfilling the obligations provided for in

this Treaty. The provisions of this Article shall not

affect the rights and obligations of the Parties with

respect to the communication of such data and other

information to those individuals who, because of

their official responsibilities, require such data or

other information to carry out activities related to the

fulfillment of the obligations provided for in this

Treaty.

ARTICLE IX

1. For the purpose of ensuring verification of

compliance with the provisions of this Treaty, each

Party shall use national technical means of

verification at its disposal in a manner consistent with

generally recognized principles of international law.

2. Each Party undertakes not to interfere with the

national technical means of verification of the other

Party operating in accordance with paragraph l of this

Article.

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3. Each Party undertakes not to use concealment

measures that

impede verification, by national

technical means of verification, of compliance with

the provisions of this Treaty. In this connection, the

obligation not to use concealment measures includes

the obligation not to use them at test ranges,

including measures that result in the concealment of

ICBMs, SLBMs, mobile launchers of ICBMs, or the

association between ICBMs or SLBMs and their

launchers during testing. The obligation not to use

concealment measures shall not apply to cover or

concealment practices at ICBM bases and

deployment areas, or to the use of environmental

shelters for strategic offensive arms.

4. To aid verification, each ICBM for mobile

launchers of ICBMs shall have a unique identifier as

provided for in the Inspection Protocol.

ARTICLE X

1. During each flight test of an ICBM or SLBM, the

Party

conducting the flight test shall make on-board

technical measurements and shall broadcast all

telemetric information obtained from such

measurements. The Party conducting the flight test

shall determine which technical parameters are to be

measured during such flight test, as well as the

methods of processing and transmitting telemetric

information.

2. During each flight test of an ICBM or SLBM, the

Party conducting the flight test undertakes not to

engage in any activity that denies full access to

telemetric information, including:

(a) the use of encryption;

(b) the use of jamming;

ICBM or SLBM using narrow directional beaming;

and

(d) encapsulation of telemetric information, including

the use of ejectable capsules or recoverable reentry

vehicles.

3. During each flight test of an ICBM or SLBM, the

Party

conducting the flight test undertakes not to

broadcast from a reentry vehicle telemetric

information that pertains to the functioning of the

stages or the self-contained dispensing mechanism of

the ICBM or SLBM.

4. After each flight test of an ICBM or SLBM, the

Party conducting the flight test shall provide, in

accordance with Section I

of the Protocol on

Telemetric Information Relating to the Treaty,

hereinafter referred to as the Telemetry Protocol,

tapes that contain a recording of all telemetric

information that is broadcast during the flight test.

5. After each flight test of an ICBM or SLBM, the

Party conducting the flight test shall provide, in

accordance with Section II of the Telemetry Protocol,

data associated with the analysis of the telemetric

information.

6. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1

and 2 of this Article, each Party shall have the right to

encapsulate and encrypt on-board technical

measurements during no more than a total of eleven

flight tests of ICBMs or

SLBMs each year. Of these

eleven flight tests each year, no more than four shall

be flight tests of ICBMs or SLBMs of each type, any

missile of

which has been flight-tested with a self-

contained dispensing mechanism. Such encapsulation

shall be carried out in accordance with Section I and

paragraph 1 of Section III of the Telemetry Protocol,

and such encryption shall be carried out in accordance

with paragraph 2 of Section III of the Telemetry

Protocol. Encapsulation and encryption that are

carried out on the same flight test of an ICBM or

SLBM shall count as two flight tests against the

quotas specified in this paragraph.

ARTICLE XI

1. For the pu

rpose of ensuring verification of

compliance with the provisions of this Treaty, each

Party shall have the

right to conduct inspections and

continuous monitoring activities and

shall conduct

exhibitio

ns pursuant to this Article and the Inspection

Protocol. Inspections, continuous monitoring

activities, and exhibitions

shall be conducted in

accordance with the procedures provided fo

r in the

Inspection Protocol

and the Conversion or

Elimin

ation Protocol.

2. Each

Party shall have the right to conduct baseline

data

inspections at facilities to confirm the accuracy of

data on

the numbers and types of items specified for

such facilities

in the initial exchange of data provided

in accordance with paragraph 1 of Section I of the

Notification Protocol.

3. Each Party shall have the right to conduct data

update inspections at facilities to confirm the accuracy

of data on the numbers and types of items specified

for such facilities in the notifications and

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regular exchanges of updated data provided in

accordance with paragrap

hs 2 and 3 of Section I of

the Notification Protocol.

. Each Party shall have the right to conduct new

facility inspections to confirm the accuracy of data on

the numbers and types of items specified in the

notifications of new facilities provided in accordance

with paragraph 3 of Section I of the Notification

Protocol.

5. Each Party shall have the right to conduct

suspectsite inspections to confirm that covert

assembly of ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs

or covert assembly of first stages of such ICBMs is

not occurring.

6. Each Party shall have the right to conduct reentry

vehicle inspections of deployed ICBMs and SLBMs

to confirm that such ballistic missiles contain no more

reentry vehicles than the number of warheads

attributed to them.

7. Each Party shall have the right to conduct post-

exercise dispersal inspections of deployed mobile

launchers of ICBMs and their associated missiles to

confirm that the number of mobile launchers of

ICBMs and their associated missiles that are located

at the inspected ICBM base and those that have not

returned to it after completion of the dispersal does

not exceed the number specified for that ICBM base.

8. Each Party shall conduct or shall have the right to

conduct conversion or elimination inspections to

confirm the conversion or elimination of strategic

offensive arms.

9. Each Party shall have the right to conduct close-out

inspections to confirm that the elimination of facilities

has been completed.

10. Each Party shall have the right to conduct

formerly declared facility inspections to confirm that

facilities, notification of the elimination of which has

been provided in accordance with paragraph 3 of

Section I of the Notification Protocol, are not being

used for purposes inconsistent with this Treaty.

11. Each Party shall conduct technical

characteristics exhibitions, and shall have the right

during such exhibitions by the other Party to conduct

inspections of an ICBM and an SLBM of each type,

and each variant thereof, and of a mobile launcher of

ICBMs and each version of such launcher for each

type of ICBM for mobile launchers of ICBMs. The

purpose of such exhibitions shall be to permit the

inspecting Party to

confirm that technical

characteristics correspond to the data specified for

these items.

12. Each Party shall conduct distinguishability

exhibitions for heavy bombers, former heavy

bombers, and long-range nuclear ALCMs, and shall

have the right during such exhibitions by the other

Party to conduct inspections, of:

(a) heavy bombers equipped for long-range nuclear

ALCMs. The purpose of such exhibitions shall be to

permit the inspecting Party to confirm that the

technical characteristics of each type and each variant

of such heavy bombers correspond to the data

specified for these items in Annex G to the

Memorandum of Understanding; to demonstrate the

maximum number of long-range nuclear ALCMs for

which a heavy bomber of each type and each variant

is actually equipped; and to demonstrate that this

number does not exceed the number provided for in

paragraph 20 or 21 of Article V of this Treaty, as

applicable;

(b) for each type of heavy bomber from any one of

which a long-range nuclear ALCM has been flight-

tested, heavy bombers equipped for nuclear

armaments other than long-range nuclear ALCMs,

heavy bombers equipped for non-nuclear armaments,

training heavy bombers, and former heavy bombers.

If, for such a type of heavy bomber, there are no

heavy bombers equipped for long-range nuclear

ALCMs, a test heavy bomber from which a long-

range nuclear ALCM has been flight-tested shall be

exhibited. The purpose of such exhibitions shall be to

demonstrate to the inspecting Party that, for each

exhibited type of heavy bomber, each variant of

heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments other

than long-range nuclear ALCMs, each variant of

heavy bombers equipped for non-nuclear armaments,

each variant of training heavy bombers, and a former

heavy bomber are distinguishable from one another

and from each variant of heavy bombers of the same

type equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs; and

exhibitions shall be to permit the inspecting Party to

confirm that the technical characteristics of each type

and each variant of such long-range ALCMs

correspond to the data specified for these items in

Annex H to the Memorandum of Understanding. The

further purpose of such exhibitions shall be to

demonstrate differences, notification of which has

been provided in accordance with paragraph 13, 14,

or 15 of Section VII of the Notification Protocol, that

make long-range non-nuclear ALCMs

distinguishable from long-range nuclear ALCMs.

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3. Each Party shall conduct baseline exhibitions, and

shall have the right during such exhibitions by the

other Party to conduct inspections, of all heavy

bombers equipped for non-nuclear armaments, all

training heavy bombers, and all former heavy

bombers specified in the initial exchange of data

provided in accordance with paragraph 1 of Section I

of the Notification Protocol. The purpose of these

exhibitions shall be to demonstrate to the inspecting

Party that such airplanes satisfy the requirements for

conversion in accordance with the Conversion or

Elimination Protocol. After a long-range nuclear

ALCM has been flight-tested from a heavy bomber of

a type, from none of which a long-range nuclear

ALCM had previously been flight-tested, the Party

conducting the flight test shall conduct baseline

exhibitions, and the other Party shall have the right

during such exhibitions to conduct inspections, of 30

percent of the heavy bombers of such type equipped

for nuclear armaments other than long-range nuclear

ALCMs at each air base specified for such heavy

bombers. The purpose of these exhibitions shall be to

demonstrate to the inspecting Party the presence of

specified features that make each exhibited heavy

bomber distinguishable from heavy bombers of the

same type equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs.

14. Each Party shall have the right to conduct

continuous monitoring activities at production

facilities for ICBMs for mobile launchers of ICBMs

to confirm the number of ICBMs for mobile

launchers of ICBMs produced.

ARTICLE XII

To enhance the effectiveness of national technical

means of verification, each Party shall, if the other

Party makes a request in accordance with paragraph 1

of Section V of the Notification Protocol, carry out

the following cooperative measures:

(a) a display in the open of the road-mobile launchers

of ICBMs located within restricted areas specified by

the requesting Party. The number of road-mobile

launchers of ICBMs based at the restricted areas

specified in each such request shall not exceed ten

percent of the total number of deployed road-mobile

launchers of ICBMs of the requested Party, and such

launchers shall be contained within one ICBM base

for road-mobile launchers of ICBMs. For each

specified restricted area, the roofs of fixed structures

for road-mobile launchers of ICBMs shall be open for

the duration of a display. The road-mobile

launchers of ICBMs located within the restricted area

shall be displayed either located next to or moved

halfway out of such fixed structures;

(b) a display in the open of the rail-mobile launchers

of ICBMs located at parking sites specified by the

requesting Party. Such launchers shall be displayed

by removing the entire train from its fixed structure

and locating the train within the rail garrison. The

number of rail-mobile launchers of ICBMs subject to

display pursuant to each such request shall include all

such launchers located at no more than eight parking

sites, provided that no more than two parking sites

may be requested within any one rail garrison in any

one request. Requests concerning specific parking

sites shall include the designation for each parking

site as provided for in Annex A to the Memorandum

of Understanding; and

former heavy bombers located within one air base

specified by the requesting Party, except those heavy

bombers and former heavy bombers that are not

readily movable due to maintenance or operations.

Such heavy bombers and former heavy bombers shall

be displayed by removing the entire airplane from its

fixed structure, if any, and locating the airplane

within the air base. Those heavy bombers and former

heavy bombers at the air base specified by the

requesting Party that are not readily movable due to

maintenance or operations shall be specified by the

requested Party in a notification provided in

accordance with paragraph 2 of Section V of the

Notification Protocol. Such a notification shall be

provided no later than 12 hours after the request for

display has been made.

2. Road-mobile launchers of ICBMs, rail-mobile

launchers of ICBMs, heavy bombers, and former

heavy bombers subject to each request pursuant to

paragraph 1 of this Article shall be displayed in open

view without using concealment measures. Each

Party shall have the right to make seven such requests

each year, but shall not request a display at any

particular ICBM base for road-mobile launchers of

ICBMs, any particular parking site, or any particular

air base more than two times each year. A Party shall

have the right to request, in any single request, only a

display of road-mobile launchers of ICBMs, a display

of rail-mobile launchers of ICBMs, or a display of

heavy bombers and former heavy bombers. A display

shall begin no later than 12 hours after the request is

made and shall continue until 18 hours have elapsed

from the time that the request was made. If the

requested Party cannot conduct a display due to

circumstances brought about by force majeure, it

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shall provide notification to the requesting Party in

accordance with paragraph 3 of Section V of the

Notification Protocol, and the display shall be

cancelled. In such a case, the number of requests to

which the requesting Party is entitled shall not be

reduced.

3. A request for cooperative measures shall not be

made for a facility that has been designated for

inspection until such an inspection has been

completed and the inspectors have departed the

facility. A facility for which cooperative measures

have been requested shall not be designated for

inspection until the cooperative measures have been

completed or until notification has been provided in

accordance with paragraph 3 of Section V of the

Notification Protocol.

ARTICLE XIII

1. Each Party shall have the right to conduct exercise

dispersals of deployed mobile launchers of ICBMs

and their associated missiles from restricted areas or

rail garrisons. Such an exercise dispersal may involve

either road-mobile launchers of ICBMs or rail-mobile

launchers of ICBMs, or both road-mobile launchers

of ICBMs and rail-mobile launchers of ICBMs.

Exercise dispersals of deployed mobile launchers of

ICBMs and their associated missiles shall be

conducted as provided for below:

(a) An exercise d

ispersal shall be considered to have

begun as of the date and time specified in the

notification provided in accordance with paragraph

11 of Section II of the Notification Protocol.

(b) An exercise dispersal shall be considered to be

completed as of the date and time specified in the

notification provided in accordance with paragraph

12 of Section II of the Notification Protocol.

ICBMs specified in the notification provided in

accordance with paragraph 11 of Section II of the

Notification Protocol shall be considered to be

involved in an exercise dispersal.

(d) When an exercise dispersal begins, deployed

mobile launchers of ICBMs and their associated

missiles engaged in a routine movement from a

restricted area or rail garrison of an ICBM base for

mobile launchers of ICBMs that is involved in such a

dispersal shall be considered to be part of the

dispersal.

(e) When an

exercise dispersal begins, deployed

mobile launchers of ICBMs and their associated

missiles engaged in a relocation from a restricted area

or rail garrison of an ICBM base for mobile launchers

of ICBMs that is involved in such a dispersal shall

continue to be considered to be engaged in a

relocation. Notification of the completion of the

relocation shall be provided in accordance with

paragraph 10 of Section II of the Notification

Protocol, unless notification of the completion of the

relocation was provided in accordance with paragraph

12 of Section II of the Notification Protocol.

(f) During an exercise dispersal, all deployed mobile

launch

ers of ICBMs and their associated missiles that

epart a restricted area or rail garrison of an ICBM

base for mobile launchers of ICBMs involved in such

a dispersal shall be considered to be part of the

dispersal, except for such launchers and missiles that

relo

cate to a facility outside their associated ICBM

base durin

g such a dispersal.

(g) An exercise dispersal shall be completed no later

than 30 days after it begins.

(h) Exercise dispersals shall not be conducted:

(i) more than two times in any period of two calendar

years;

(ii) during the entire period of time provided for

baseline data inspections;

(iii) from a new ICBM base for mobile launchers

of ICBMs until a new facility

inspection has been

conducted or until the period of time provided for

such an inspection has expired; or

(iv) from an ICBM base for mobile launchers of

ICBMs that has been designated for a data update

inspection or reentry vehicle inspection, until

completion of such an inspection.

(i) If a notification of an exercise dispersal has been

provided in accordance with paragraph 11 of Section

II of the Notification Protocol, the other Party shall

not have the right to designate for data update

inspection or reentry vehicle inspection an ICBM

base for mobile launchers of ICBMs involved in such

a dispersal, or to request cooperative measures for

such an ICBM base, until the completion of such a

dispersal.

(j) When an exercise dispersal is completed,

deployed mobile launchers of ICBMs and their

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associated missiles involved in such

a dispersal shall

be located at their restricted areas or rail garrisons,

except for those otherwise accounted for in

accordance with paragraph 12 of Section II of the

Notification Protocol.

2. A major strategic exercise involving heavy

bombers, about which a notification has been

provided pursuant to the Agreement Between the

Government of the United States of America and the

Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics on Reciprocal Advance Notification of

Major Strategic Exercises of September 23, 1989,

shall be conducted as provided for below:

(a) Such exercise shall be considered to have begun

as of the date and time specified in the notification

provided in accordance with paragraph 16 of Section

II of the Notification Protocol.

(b) Such exercise shall be considered to be completed

as of the date and time specified in the notification

provided in accordance with paragraph 17 of Section

II of the Notification Protocol.

former heavy bombers specified in the notification

provided in accordance with paragraph 16 of Section

II of the Notification Protocol shall be considered to

be involved in such exercise.

(d) Such exercise shall begin no more than one time

in any calendar year, and shall be completed no later

than 30 days after it begins.

(e) Such exercise shall not be conducted during the

entire period of time provided for baseline data

inspections.

(f) During such exercise by a Party, the other Party

shall not have the right to conduct inspections of the

air bases for heavy bombers and air bases for former

heavy bombers involved in the exercise. The right to

conduct inspections of such air bases shall resume

three days after notification of the completion of a

major strategic exercise involving heavy bombers has

been provided in accordance with paragraph 17 of

Section II of the Notification Protocol.

(g) Within the 30-day period following the receipt of

the notification of the completion of such exercise,

the receiving Party may make a request for

cooperative measures to be carried out in accordance

with subparagraph 1(c) of Article XII of this Treaty

at one of the air bases involved in the exercise. Such

a request shall not be counted toward the quota

provided for in paragraph 2 of Article XII of this

Treaty.

ARTICLE XIV

1. Each Party shall have the right to conduct

operational dispersals of deployed mobile launchers

of ICBMs and their associated missiles, ballistic

missile submarines, and heavy bombers. There shall

be no limit on the number and duration of operational

dispersals, and there shall be no limit on the number

of deployed mobile launchers of ICBMs and their

associated missiles, ballistic missile submarines, or

heavy bombers involved in such dispersals. When an

operational dispersal begins, all strategic offensive

arms of a Party shall be considered to be part of the

dispersal. Operational dispersals shall be conducted

as provided for below:

(a) An operational

dispersal shall be considered to

have begun as of the date and time specified in the

notification provided in accordance with paragraph 1

of Section X of the Notification Protocol.

(b) An operational dispersal shall be considered to be

completed as of the date and time specified in the

notification provided in accordance with paragraph 2

of Section X of the Notification Protocol.

2. During an operational dispersal each Party shall

have the right to:

(a) suspend

notifications that it would otherwise

provide in accordance with the Notification Protocol

except for notification of flight tests provided under

the Agreement Between the United States of America

and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on

Notifications of Launches of Intercontinental Ballistic

Missiles and Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles

of May 31, 1988; provided that, if any conversion or

elimination processes are not suspended pursuant to

subparagraph (d) of this paragraph, the relevant

notifications shall be provided in accordance with

Section IV of the Notification Protocol;

(b) suspend the right of the other Party to conduct

inspections;

cooperative measures; and

(d) suspend conversion and elimination processes for

its strategic offensive arms. In such case, the number

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f converted and eliminated items shall correspond to

the number that has actually been converted and

eliminated as of the date and time of the beginning of

the operational dispersal specified in the notification

provided in accordance with paragraph 1 of Section

X of the Notification Protocol.

3. Notifications suspended pursuant to paragraph 2 of

this Article shall resume no later than three days after

notification of the completion of the operational

dispersal has been provided in accordance with

paragraph 2 of Section X of the Notification Protocol.

The right to conduct inspections and to request

cooperative measures suspended pursuant to

paragraph 2 of this Article shall resume four days

after notification of the completion of the operational

dispersal has been provided in accordance with

paragraph 2 of Section X of the Notification Protocol.

Inspections or cooperative measures being conducted

at the time a Party provides notification that it

suspends inspections or cooperative measures during

an operational dispersal shall not count toward

the appropriate annual quotas provided for by this

Treaty.

4. When an operational dispersal is completed:

(a) All deployed road-mobile lau

nchers of ICBMs

and their associated missiles shall be located within

their deployment areas or shall be engaged in

relocations.

(b) All deployed rail-mobile launchers of ICBMs and

their associated missiles shall be located within their

rail garrisons or shall be engaged in routine

movements or relocations.

national territory and shall have resumed normal

operations. If it is necessary for heavy bombers to be

located outside national territory for purposes not

inconsistent with this Treaty, the Parties will

immediately engage in diplomatic consultations so

that appropriate assurances can be provided.

5. Within the 30 day period after the completion of an

operational dispersal, the Party not conducting the

operational dispersal shall have the right to make no

more than two requests for cooperative measures,

subject to the provisions of Article XII of this Treaty,

for ICBM bases for mobile launchers of ICBMs or air

bases. Such requests shall not count toward the quota

of requests provided for in paragraph 2 of Article XII

of this Treaty.

ARTICLE XV

To promote the objectives and implementation of the

provisions of this Treaty, the Parties

hereby establish

the Joint Compliance and Inspection Commission.

The Parties agree that, if either Party so requests, they

shall meet within the framework of the Joint

Compliance and Inspection Commission to:

(a) resolv

e questions relating to compliance with the

obligations assumed;

(b) agree upon such additional measures as may be

necessary to improve the viability and effectiveness

of this Treaty; and

relevant provisions of this Treaty to a new kind of

strategic offensive arm, after notification has been

provided in accordance with paragraph 16 of Section

VII of the Notification Protocol.

ARTICLE XVI

To ensure the viability and effectiveness of this

Treaty, each Party shall not assume any international

obligations or undertakings that would conflict with

its provisions. The Parties shall hold consultations in

accordance with Article XV of this Treaty in order to

resolve any ambiguities that may arise in this regard.

The Parties agree that this provision does not apply to

any patterns of cooperation, including obligations, in

the area of strategic offensive arms, existing at the

time of signature of this Treaty, between a Party and

a third State.

ARTICLE XVII

1. This Treaty, including its Annexes, Protocols, and

Memorandum of Understanding, all of which form

integral parts thereof, shall be subject to ratification

in accordance with the constitutional procedures of

each Party. This Treaty shall enter into force on the

date of the exchange of instruments of ratification.

2. This Treaty shall remain in force for 15 years

unless superseded earlier by a subsequent agreement

on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive

arms. No later than one year before the expiration of

the 15-year period, the Parties shall meet to consider

whether this Treaty will be extended. If the Parties so

decide, this Treaty will be extended for a period of

five years unless it is superseded before the

expiration of that period by a subsequent agreement

on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive

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arms. This Treaty shall be extended for successive

five-year periods, if the Parties so decide, in

accordance with the procedures governing the initial

extension, and it shall remain in force for each agreed

five-year period of extension unless it is superseded

by a subsequent agreement on the reduction and

limitation of strategic offensive arms.

3. Each Party shall, in exercising its nationa

vereignty, have the right to withdraw from th

Treaty if it d

ecides that extraordinary events related

to the subject matter of this Treaty have jeopardi

zed

its su

preme interests. It shall give notice of it

decision to the other Party six months prior to

withdrawal from this Treaty. Such notice shall

include a statement of the extraordinary events the

notifying Party regards as having jeopardized its

suprem

e interests.

ARTICLE XVIII

Each Party may propose amendments to this Treaty.

Agreed amendments shall enter into force in

accordance with the procedures governing entry into

force of this Treaty.

ARTICLE XIX

This Treaty shall be registered pursuant to Article

102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Done at Moscow on July 31, 1991, in two copies,

each in the English and Russian languages, both texts

being equally authentic.

FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

George Bush

President of the United States of America

FOR THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST

REPUBLICS:

M. Gorbachev

President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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