Uğur Kurtaran Determination of the Ottoman-Polish Borders According to The Treaty of Karlowitz
literature, the number of studies on the process of determining new borders between the parties
after the treaty is less. Nevertheless, border demarcation activities, which are an important
application area of diplomacy, are vital for the development of relations between the two states.
For this reason, the question of how the issue of determining the Ottoman-Polish frontiers,
which changed after the 1699 Karlowitz Treaty, was resolved was addressed in the research.
Within this framework, it was determined which regions the new borders crossed through and
where the new borders were within the scope of the provisions regarding borders in the first 4
artic
les of the 11-article agreement signed with Poland in the Karlowitz Treaty. For this purpose, a border restriction report on the determination of the Ottoman-Polish borders
determined by the 1699 Karlowitz Treaty in 1703 and the border document sample prepared
afterward were examined. The text of the border document, which is not too long, gives
information about how the borders between the Ottoman Empire and Poland were determined,
the methods used during this determination, and the content of diplomatic negotiations.
1. Border Concept, Border Types, Border Determination Stages and Methods
The term border comes from the Greek “sinoron” and is used conceptually as the line and
border/edge separating the territories of two neighboring states.
10
Borders, also expressed with
words such as “limit, edge, boundary, frontier”, refer to the line or area that separates one piece
of sovereignty from another.
11
In this sense, the border is the lines that separate the sovereignty
of an independent state from the others and are indicated with fine lines on the map.
12
This
feature of the border concept makes it dynamic lines that can change over time depending on
interstate relations rather than being static.
Borders have been considered as legal expressions of political sovereignty rather than
absolute geographical realities throughout history. For this reason, borders and border relations
directly reflect the concepts of state and sovereignty. What is limited or attempted to be
determined by artificial lines in this sense relates to the areas where a state can or cannot
dominate, rather than the cultural, religious, and social relationships formed by geographical
regions or people.
13
Toplum, trans. Yasemin Saner Gönen, S. 192, (Aralık 1999): 359-365; “The Former Closure of Ottoman Frontier in
“Karlofça Antlaşması’ndan Sonra Osmanlı Habsburg Sınırı (1699-1701), Osmanlı, Vol. I, ed. Güler Eren, (Ankara:
Yeni Türkiye Yay., 1999), 472-479; İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, ”Karlofça (Carlowicz, Kalowitz)”, İA, Vol. VI, (İstanbul
MEB. Yay., 1991): 346-351; Abdülkadir Özcan, “Karlofça”, DİA, Vol. 24, (İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay.,
2001): 504-507; The Treaties of Carlowitz (1699): Antecedents, Course and Consequences, (Ed. Colin Heywood-
Ivan Parvev), (Leiden: Brill 2020).
9
For the main studies on Ottoman-Polish relations, see. Dariusz Kolodziejczyk, Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic
Relations (15th-18th Century): An Annotated Edition of Ahdnâmes and Other Document, (Leiden: Brill, 2000);
Aynı Müellif, “Polonya ve Osmanlı Devleti Arasında Tarih Boyunca Siyasi ve Diplomatik İlişkiler”, Savaş ve
Barış 15-19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı-Polonya İlişkileri, Yay. Selmin Kangal, (Ankara: TTK. Yay., 1999); Sabire Arık,
“Polonya Kralı III. Jan Sobieski Hükümdarlık Dönemi (1674-1696)”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 24, Issue:
38, (2005): 213-238; Kemal Beydilli, “Polonya (Tarih, Polonya-Osmanlı İlişkileri)”, DİA. Vol. 34, (İstanbul:
Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay., 2007): 309-317; Hacer Topaktaş, “XVIII. Yüzyıl Ortalarında Türk-Leh İlişkilerinden
Bir Kesit: Kapıcıbaşı Mehmed Ağa’nın Lehistan (Polonya) Elçiliği (1757-1758)”, Osmanlı Araştırmaları, XXIX,
(2007): 203-226; Musa Şaşmaz, XVIII. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Lehistan İlişkileri, (İstanbul: Altınpost Yay., 2013).
10
Ferit Devellioğlu, Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat, (Ankara: Aydın Kitabevi, 2001), 307; Osman Gümüşçü,
“Siyasi Coğrafya Açısından Sınırlar ve Tarihi Süreç İçinde Türkiye’de Sınır Kavramı”, Bilig, Issue: 52, (Kış 2010):
80.
11
Uğur Kurtaran, “XVIII. Yüzyıla Ait Hudutname ve Sınır Tahdit Örneği: Karlofça Antlaşması’na Göre Belgrad
Sınırlarının Belirlenmesi”, Osmanlı Diplomasi Tarihi Kurumları ve Tatbiki, ed. Mehmet Alaaddin Yalçınkaya-
Uğur Kurtaran, (Ankara: Grafiker Yay., 2018), 122.
12
Hamza Akengin, Siyasi Coğrafya İnsan ve Mekân Yönetimi, (Ankara: Pegem Akademi, 2015), 99.
13
Bahadır Apaydın, “5 Aralık 1857 Tarihli Osmanlı Devleti-Rusya Sınır Anlaşması”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve
Politika, Vol. 5, Issue: 18, (2009): 83-85.
Cilt 9, Sayı 23, Mart 2022 / Volume 9, Issue 23, March 2022