APA Format

The University of Toledo

An addendum to

Graduate Council’s

Manual for the Formatting of

Graduate Dissertations and Theses

Sample Pages for Students

Following the A PA Style Guide

Sample Pages:

TitlePage.................................... 1

CopyrightNoticePage ............................. 2

AbstractPage.................................. 3

DedicationPage................................. 4

AcknowledgmentsPage............................. 5

TableofContents................................ 6

ListofTables .................................. 7

ListofFigures.................................. 8

ListofAbbreviations.............................. 9

ListofSymbols ................................. 10

PrefacePage .................................. 11

ChapterFirstPage............................... 12

FigurePage................................... 13

TablePage ................................... 14

References—Example1............................ 15

References—Example2............................ 16

AppendixFirstPage .............................. 17

APA Format

[ Sample: Title Page ]

A Dissertation

entitled

A Game-Theoretic Approach to a General Equilibrium

Model with Asymmetric Price Information and No Goods

by

Elmer J. Fudd

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulﬁllment of the

requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Economics

Roy Hinkley, Ph.D., Committee Chair

Ginger Grant, Ph.D., Committee Member

Jonas Grumby, Ph.D., Committee Member

Eunice W. Howell, Ph.D., Committee Member

Thurston Howell, Ph.D., Committee Member

Mary A. Summers, Ph.D., Committee Member

Dr. Noah Lott, Dean

College of Graduate Studies

The University of Toledo

May 2010

(Sample Page 1)

APA Format

[ Sample: Copyright Notice Page ]

This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this

document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author.

(Sample Page 2)

APA Format

[Sample: Abstract Page]

An Abstract of

A Game-Theoretic Approach to a General Equilibrium

Model with Asymmetric Price Information and No Goods

by

Elmer J. Fudd

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulﬁllment of the

requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Economics

The University of Toledo

May 2010

Out-of-sample forecasting experiments are used as an alternative to looking at

F-statistics when examining whether money, interest rates or the commercial

paper/T-bill spread provide information content for subsequent movements in

output, real and nominal personal income, the CPI and the PPI. Here a variable

provides information if it improves the forecast of the explained variable. Employing

this procedure I ﬁnd that the paper-bill spread but not monetary aggregates provide

information content for industrial production or real personal income when using

data over the 1980-97 period. In contrast, I ﬁnd that monetary aggregates provide

information content for the CPI and nominal personal income but not the PPI.

iii (Sample Page 3)

APA Format

[ Sample: Dedication Page ]

For Margaret, Jack, and Joseph. Before you entered my life, I used to wonder what

I might accomplish; now, I want only to be the best Papa I can be.

iv (Sample Page 4)

APA Format

[ Sample: Acknowledgments Page ]

Acknowledgments

This dissertation would not have been possible without the love, support, and

encouragement I received from my parents, brothers and sisters. Only now am I

beginning to realize how much my parents sacriﬁced so that I could attend college. I

do not have words to adequately describe my deep gratitude for all they have

provided me, though I hope to show them in the years to come.

I have beneﬁted greatly from the mentoring of James Holmes and comments

received from David Black and Kristen Keith. I studied economics because of what

I saw in James Holmes — a tremendous desire to learn and understand, and a

wonderful fascination with Macroeconomics. I am truly indebted to him for

fostering the same pursuit and fascination in me and, of course, for his assistance

and advice during my years as his student.

v (Sample Page 5)

APA Format

[ Sample: Table of Contents ]

Table of Contents

Abstract iii

Acknowledgments v

Table of Contents vi

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

List of Abbreviations ix

List of Symbols x

Preface ix

I. The Heading to Chapter 1 (Level 1 Heading) 1

A. This is a Section Heading (Level 2 Heading) 1

a. This is a Subsection Heading (Level 3 Heading) 1

II. The Heading to Chapter 2 (Level 1 Heading) 35

A. This is a Section Heading (Level 2 Heading) 39

B. This is another Section Heading (Level 2 Heading) 42

a. This is a Subsection Heading (Level 3 Heading) 42

b. This is another Subsection Heading (Level 3 Heading) 45

C. This is another Section Heading (Level 2 Heading) 51

References 57

Appendices

A. The Heading to Appendix A 64

B. The Heading to Appendix B 71

Index 82

vi (Sample Page 6)

APA Format

[ Sample: List of Tables ]

List of Tables

Table 1. An example of ﬁve alternative models used in forecasting

experiments. Industrial production (IP) serves as the output

variable, CPI as the measure of price, and M2 as the monetary

aggregate. The measure of interest alternates between the interest

rate spread (SP) and the federal funds rate (FF). ..................

3

Table 2. An example of a caption to another table (which does not appear in

these sample pages). ...............................................

33

Table 3. This is another example of a caption to a table (which does not

appear in these sample pages). ....................................

47

vii (Sample Page 7)

APA Format

[ Sample: List of Figures ]

List of Figures

Figure 1. When government expenditures are ﬁnanced by an inﬂationary tax,

the non-rational expectations equilibrium is Pareto superior to the

rational expectations equilibrium. .................................

2

Figure 2. An example of a caption to another ﬁgure (which does not appear

in these sample pages). ...........................................

27

Figure 3. This is another example of a caption to a ﬁgure (which does not

appear in these sample pages). ....................................

40

viii (Sample Page 8)

APA Format

[ Sample: List of Abbreviations ]

List of Abbreviations

AAGG.......American Association of Solving the World’s Problems by way of

Government Grants

ABMC ......American Battle Monuments Commission

ACYF.......Administration on Children, Youth, and Families

ADA........Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

ADD........Administration on Developmental Disabilities

AFAA.......Air Force Audit Agency

AFDB.......African Development Bank

AFDC.......Aid to Families with Dependent Children

AFSC. ......Armed Forces Staﬀ College

AJOKE......A game theoretic solution to an asymmetric general equilibrium

economic model that has no prices and no goods

AMS .. ......Agricultural Marketing Service

ANA ........Administration for Native Americans

AOA........Administration on Aging

APHIS ......Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

ARC .. ......Appalachian Regional Commission

ARS.........Agricultural Research Service

ATF.........Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

ATSDR......Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

BEA.........Bureau of Economic Analysis

BIC .........Business Information Center (SBA)

BJS ... ......Bureau of Justice Statistics

BLM ........Bureau of Land Management

BLS.........Bureau of Labor Statistics

BTS.........Bureau of Transportation Statistics

BVA.........Board of Veterans’ Appeals

CBO .. ......Congressional Budget Oﬃce

CCC.........Commodity Credit Corporation

CDBG.......Community Development Block Grant

CDC .. ......Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CEA.........Council of Economic Advisers

CEQ .. ......Council on Environmental Quality

CFA.........Commission of Fine Arts

CFR.........Code of Federal Regulations

CFTC.......Commodity Futures Trading Commission

CIA.........Central Intelligence Agency

CMS .. ......Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

CNO ........Chief of Naval Operations

CRAP.......Council for Regulating American Productivity through Government

Oversight

ix (Sample Page 9)

APA Format

[ Sample: List of Symbols ]

List of Symbols

( · ) . . . Parentheses in the numerical listings contain measured or estimated

uncertainties. For example, the value 1.407(83) should be interpreted as

1.407±0.083. Thus the value in parentheses refers to the last signiﬁcant

digits given.

α . . . . . . Angle of rotation around internal rotation axis.

β . . . . . . correlation coeﬃcient

δ . . . . . . Magnetic ﬁeld gradient pulse separation

Θ

i

..... the ith degree to which the ﬂayrod has gone out of skew on tredel

λ ...... the shadow price of income

μ . . . . . . the ratio of the monetary aggregate to the monetary base

ρ . . . . . . Internal rotation interaction constant ρ =[Σ

x

(λ

x

I

α

/I

x

)

2

]

1/2

A

C

. . . . crystal surface area

Ba . . . . Barium

BB . . . . B.B. King

Be. .. . . Beryllium

Ca . . . . Calcium

E

G

. . . . activation energy

F. . .. . . Internal rotation dynamical constant (GHz) F = h/8π

2

rI

α

I

i

. . .. . . Angular momentum quantum number of nuclear spin for the ith nucleus

J . . . . . . Resultant total angular momentum quantum number, excluding nuclear

spins

k . . . . . . Boltzmann’s constant

Mg.... Magnesium

N . . . . . Rotational angular momentum quantum number, excluding electron and

nuclear spins, in the case where electron spin is present

Q . . . . . Tobin’s q; the ratio of the market value of installed capital to the

replacement cost of capital

Ra . . . . Radium

S

a

. . . . . area of an active site

Sr..... Strontium

Y ..... Gross Domestic Product

Y

P

. . . . Potential Gross Domestic Product

x (Sample Page 10)

APA Format

[ Sample: Preface P age ]

Preface

Macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a whole; where output, prices,

interest rates, exchange rates, and unemployment are the key variables

macroeconomists want to explain. In contrast, microeconomics analyzes the

behavior of individuals and ﬁrms; where prices for particular products are

determined by demand and supply. As it is all but impossible to summarize all of

the diﬀerences between macro- and microeconomic models, I focus only on three

theoretic models that have had a substantial impact on economic modeling over the

last 60 years. The three classes of models I examine are the IS-LM, overlapping

generations, and growth models. The IS-LM is the traditional (static) aggregative

macro model which excels in short-run stabilization issues. The overlapping

generations model with production is a general equilibrium, intertemporal

micro-based macro model. It incorporates both utility and proﬁt maximization.

Growth models examine the importance of technology and human capital,

convergence to equilibria, and its long-run focus sharply contrasts that of the IS-LM

model.

The IS-LM model is particularly adept at providing short-run stabilization

policy prescriptions, an ability that (by design) is absent in both the overlapping

generations and growth models. Fiscal policy does this in the IS-LM model by

driving a wedge between saving and investment. Unlike the classical model, ﬁscal

stimuli in the IS-LM model will not necessarily alter saving and investment in the

same direction nor in the same proportion, Keynes (1936, p. 21). (See Barro and

King [1984] for an overlapping generations model that assumes the contrary, and

Dowd [1990] for further discussion of this issue.) The independent movements of

saving and investment allows income to adjust in order for the economy to reach a

new equilibrium. Monetary policy aﬀects income by ﬁrst altering the interest rate

and, in turn, the incentives for savers and investors. See Blinder and Solow (1973)

xi (Sample Page 11)

APA Format

[ Sample: Chapter First Page ]

Chapter One

The Heading to Chapter One (Level 1 Heading)

This is a Level 2 Section Heading

The Federal Reserve has at its disposal a limited set of instruments through

which it can attempt to achieve its objectives of price stability and/or full

employment output. Between the time a monetary instrument is adjusted and its

ultimate eﬀect on economic activity has occurred there are observable movements in

other important economic variables such as monetary aggregates or interest rates.

This is a level 3 section heading. These variables may be used as

intermediate targets if immediately subject to inﬂuence by policy and if their

movements aﬀect output or prices. If the variable does not cause output or prices, it

may still be useful as an information variable if its movements consistently lead

movements in the variables the Federal Reserve wishes to inﬂuence.

This is a level 4 section heading. Friedman and Kuttner (1992, 1993)

sparked a healthy debate as to which variables are good candidates for intermediate

targets or information variables. The candidates they considered to explain

movements in industrial production included a price index, a monetary aggregate

and the diﬀerence between the commercial paper rate and the treasury bill rate (the

“paper-bill spread”).

This is a level 5 section heading. Using F-statistics to determine whether a

particular variable provided information content, Friedman and Kuttner concluded

that the paper-bill spread was a good candidate because it contained signiﬁcant

information content for industrial production regardless of sample: “[t]he spread is a

predictor of real economic activity, not prices, and of nominal magnitudes only to

the extent that they reﬂect real ones” (Friedman and Kuttner 1993, p. 214). This

was followed by Dewey, Robem, and Howe (1996) who argued that monetary

balances are related to neither real nor nominal income ﬂuctuations and concluded

1 (Sample Page 12)

APA Format

[ Sample: Figure Page ]

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e

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ss

MM

r

s

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r

s

GM

r

s

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IS(G

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0

)

IS(G

0

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1

)

AD(G

0

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0

,M

S

0

)

AD(G

0

,T

1

,M

S

0

)

P

0

P

1

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0

,P

e

0

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R

0

)

EO(P

1

,P

e

0

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R

0

)

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0

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0

)

L(Y

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)

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1

−T

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)

I(Y

0

)

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1

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)

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0

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)

A

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(P

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,T

0

)

Figure 1. Rudimentary economic analysis of a change in taxes when the Federal

Reserve is following a Money Stock Instrument. This assumes the goods market’s

sensitivity to a change in taxes is greater than that in ﬁnancial markets.

2 (Sample Page 13)

APA Format

[ Sample: Table Page ]

When forecasting industrial production and real and nominal personal

income, X

t

represents the measure of price included (i.e., the CPI or the PPI).

When forecasting the CPI or the PPI, X

t

represents the measure of output/income

included (i.e., industrial production or real personal income). M

t

and R

t

are

respectively the monetary aggregate and the interest rate measure used. As

described below, in models II and V the φ’s are zero and in model III the δ’s are

zero. Table 1 provides the mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) from 1 to 6

months-ahead forecasts of industrial production generated by the six alternative

model speciﬁcations considered.

Table 1

The Mean Absolute Percentage Errors from 1 to 6 months-ahead Forecasts of

Industrial Production

Month Forecast Errors from Six Alternative Models

Forecast I II III IV V VI

1 0.502 0.716 0.680 0.581 0.584 0.581

2 1.030 1.343 1.271 1.171 1.186 1.219

3 1.578 1.757 1.679 1.631 1.661 1.759

4 2.146 2.070 1.944 2.109 2.103 2.418

5 2.728 2.279 2.107 2.563 2.530 3.055

6 3.240 2.293 2.157 2.857 2.819 3.664

Such comparisons will determine whether a variable is a good candidate as

an information variable. Comparing the mean absolute percentage error from

models I, II and III (or models III, IV and V) examines the relative contributions of

money versus the interest rate spread (or money versus the federal funds rate).

Moreover, comparing the MAPEs from model II and V and those from models I and

IV examines the relative contribution of the federal funds rate versus the interest

rate spread. To examine whether the information content provided by a candidate

variable is unique to the variable being forecasted, we repeated the above analysis

but substituted real gross domestic produce and, subsequently, real personal income

3 (Sample Page 14)

APA Format

[ Sample: References - Example 1 ]

References

Achenbach, T.M., & Edelbrock, C. (1987). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and

Proﬁle. Stowe, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

Anderson, A. K. (2005). Aﬀective inﬂuences on the attentional dynamics

supporting awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 154,

258–281. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.2.258

Blout, R.L., Piira, R., & Cohen, L.L. (2003). Management of pediatric pain and

distress due to medical procedures. In M.C. Roberts (Ed.), Handbook of

pediatric psychology (3rd ed.) (p. 216–233). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Curry, N. (1985). Cognitive coping processes as predictors of adaptive functioning

in children visiting the dentist. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Case

Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Derogatis, L.R., & Spencer, P.M. (1982). The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI):

Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. (Available from Johns

Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD

21205).

Klein, H., & Palmer, C.E. (1937). Dental caries in American Indian children.In

Public Health Bulletin, 239. US Government Printing Oﬃce.

Ohman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an

evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483–522.

doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.483

57 (Sample Page 15)

APA Format

[ Sample: References - Example 2 ]

References

Achenbach, T.M., & Edelbrock, C. (1987). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and

Proﬁle. Stowe, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

Anderson, A. K. (2005). Aﬀective inﬂuences on the attentional dynamics

supporting awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 154,

258–281. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.2.258

Blout, R.L., Piira, R., & Cohen, L.L. (2003). Management of pediatric pain and

distress due to medical procedures. In M.C. Roberts (Ed.), Handbook of

pediatric psychology (3rd ed.) (p. 216–233). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Curry, N. (1985). Cognitive coping processes as predictors of adaptive functioning

in children visiting the dentist. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Case

Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Derogatis, L.R., & Spencer, P.M. (1982). The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI):

Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. (Available from Johns

Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD

21205).

Klein, H., & Palmer, C.E. (1937). Dental caries in American Indian children.In

Public Health Bulletin, 239. US Government Printing Oﬃce.

Ohman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an

evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483–522.

doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.483

57 (Sample Page 16)

APA Format

[ Sample: App endix First Page ]

Appendix A

The Heading to Appendix A

The Federal Reserve has at its disposal a limited set of instruments through which

it can attempt to achieve its objectives of price stability and/or full employment

output. Between the time a monetary instrument is adjusted and its ultimate eﬀect

on economic activity has occurred there are observable movements in other

important economic variables such as monetary aggregates or interest rates. These

variables may be used as intermediate targets if immediately subject to inﬂuence by

policy and if their movements aﬀect output or prices. If the variable does not cause

output or prices, it may still be useful as an information variable if its movements

consistently lead movements in the variables the Federal Reserve wishes to inﬂuence.

Friedman and Kuttner (1992, 1993) sparked a healthy debate as to which

variables are good candidates for intermediate targets or information variables. The

candidates they considered to explain movements in industrial production included

a price index, a monetary aggregate and the diﬀerence between the commercial

paper rate and the treasury bill rate (the “paper-bill spread”). Using F-statistics to

determine whether a particular variable provided information content, Friedman

and Kuttner concluded that the paper-bill spread was a good candidate as it

contained signiﬁcant information content for industrial production regardless of

sample: “[t]he spread is a predictor of real economic activity, not prices, and of

nominal magnitudes only to the extent that they reﬂect real ones” (1993, p. 214). In

contrast, they argued that money is related to neither real nor nominal income

ﬂuctuations and concluded that money is not a reasonable candidate as its

information content broke-down in samples that included the 1980s. Monetary

aggregates being “unreliable indicators of economic activity and as guides for

stabilizing prices” has also been argued by Akhtar (1997, p. 4). The debate sparked

64 (Sample Page 17)