The 3Rs
Replacement - Use alternatives to animals where possible (such as computer models or simulations). When planning your project
ensure you have conducted a thorough literature search to identify alternatives to animal use. Check out the Altweb - global
clearinghouse for information on alternatives to animal testing provided by the Johns Hopkins - Bloomberg School of Public
Health. See: www.altweb.jhsph.edu
Search engines exist for PubMed which provide animal alternative search strategies, one of these, designed for biomedical
research and testing includes:
http://toxnet.nlm.gov/altbib.html
Also, consider other options such as existing epidemiological data, computer modelling/simulation, use of cadavers and models,
or actual clinical cases.
Reduction - Where the use of an alternative is not possible, use the least possible animals while maintaining scientific
integrity. Good experimental design and access to statistical expertise
is vital in determining adequate sample sizes in
experiments. Remember, a sample size that is too small may be even worse than using too many animals if experimental results
become invalid because of a lack of statistical power. Such problems can result in animals being wasted in projects which can't be
completed or published. The work may then need to be repeated using more animals.
Refinement - Refinement involves designing and implementing strategies to reduce welfare impact. Good refinement practices
use animal management methods, t
echnical pr
ocedure
s, and competent personn
el
to
reduce animal suf
ferin
g and distres
s.
Things to think about in this category include:
• Anaesthetising animals with an agent that provides smooth induction with recovery,
• Providing post-operative pain relief,
• Ensuring the innate behavioural and health needs of animals are met in their everyday living arrangements,
• Personnel who handle animals or conduct procedures must be trained and deemed competent before work begins,
• If animals are to be handled, it is sensible to carefully condition them to the presence of people and the procedures they will
experience,
• Provide effective pain relief and up to date anaesthetic regimes, and
• Establish clinical monitoring criteria that can be used to identify intervention points and provide humane endpoints for
animals.