6 UNIT 1 Writing about the Present Common Uses 7
1.8 Using Present Perfect
The present perfect is used to write about past events that are still relevant now. It is used:
1. to write about an event that happened in the
past and continues until now
• Use since with a specific date or time. Use for with
a period of time.
Alaska has been a U.S. state since 1959.
Alaska has been a U.S. state for more than
50 years.
2. to write about a very recent past event that is
important to the current discussion
The government has passed a new tax law that
will have an immediate impact on citizens.
ACTIVITY 2
Fill in the blank with the correct simple present, present progressive, or present perfect form of the verb
in parentheses. Use not when given. More than one answer may be possible.
1. In his poem “The Raven,” author Edgar Allen Poe
(use)
numerous symbols to express loneliness.
2. Global sea levels
(rise) rapidly since the beginning of the 21st
century.
3. Historians
(begin) to study some alternative causes of World
War I.
4. Unfortunately, people from developing countries
(not, have)
the same opportunities as those in wealthier nations to start small businesses.
5. In that country, government regulations
(not, allow) politicians
to accept contributions from private companies.
6. As governments spend more money on cancer research, medical professionals
(conduct) more extensive studies on possible cures.
7. Because people’s desire to explore space is stronger than ever, astronomers
(work) on a new super telescope.
8. In his book The Art of Happiness, the Dalai Lama
(state) that
we can train in happiness much like we can train in any other skill.
1.6 Using Simple Present
The simple present is commonly used in academic writing. It is used:
1. to write about general truths and facts that are
not limited to a specific time
It takes about 12 hours for your body to digest a
meal.
2. to write about a repeated or habitual action Every fall, Canadian geese fly south for the
winter.
3. to cite a source Sleep researchers say that most people dream
four to six times per night.
4. to give details about information from a book,
poem, or film
• We use simple present because an event in a book
or film remains the same every time we read or see
it. This is called the literary present.
In “The Story of an Hour,” Mrs. Mallard learns of
her husband’s death, but she does not feel sad.
Note
Stative (non-action) verbs describe a state, rather than an action. They usually take the simple present form of the verb.
Note the most common ones below.
be (exist) consist of dislike realize seem want
belong to depend on include recognize understand
1.7 Using Present Progressive
The present progressive is not as commonly used in writing as other verb forms. However, it is used:
1. to describe events in real time In some countries, people are paying more
taxes than ever before.
2. to write about the continuation of an event Temperatures are continuing to rise because of
global warming.
Common Uses